Questions and Answers
What is characteristic of a 2nd degree heart block?
Which condition is referred to as non-fatal yet leads to inefficient heartbeats?
What is a common effect of hyperkalaemia on heart function?
What syndrome does Pimelea spp. cause in cattle in Australia?
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What happens during electrocution affecting the heart?
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Which of the following cardiac glycosides is found in the Foxglove plant?
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Which electrolyte imbalance can lead to weak and rapid heartbeats?
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What can result from a digoxin overdose?
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What is a potential consequence of left heart failure?
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How does Cor Pulmonale commonly occur?
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Which of the following conditions involves the development of thrombi in the pulmonary arteries?
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What does Virchow's triad relate to?
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What is the primary physiological consequence of increased pulmonary arterial pressure in emphysema?
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Which of the following best describes a first-degree heart block?
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Which treatment is commonly used to reduce blood pressure in cases of left heart failure?
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Which plant toxin is associated with pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction leading to right heart failure?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease Pathology
- Right Heart Failure (RHF) leads to nutmeg liver and distended veins due to congestion in the caudal vena cava and jugular.
- Left Heart Failure (LHF) causes pulmonary congestion, heart failure cells in the lungs, and pulmonary edema.
- Renin is released in LHF, converting angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I, then to Angiotensin II, increasing blood pressure and inducing aldosterone secretion, which promotes sodium and water retention.
- Treatments for LHF include ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), diuretics, and low sodium diets to reduce total body water.
Cor Pulmonale and Related Conditions
- Cor Pulmonale can arise from heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis), high-altitude disease, emphysema, pulmonary thromboembolism, and poisoning from Pimelea plants, which contain Simplexin, causing pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction.
- Pneumonia may induce multifocal thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature or large regions of vasoconstriction due to ventilatory hypoxia.
Shock Types
- Various types of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurologic.
Edema Mechanisms
- Edema results from increased blood pressure, decreased intravascular oncotic pressure, altered endothelial integrity (including inflammatory edema), reduced lymphatic drainage, and excess sodium and water retention, particularly due to LHF.
Thromboembolism
- Thromboembolism is explained through Virchow’s triad: hypercoagulability, stasis/turbulence of blood flow, and endothelial damage result in emboli or thrombi causing infarction.
Immune Complex Diseases
- Conditions caused by immune complexes include Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), purpura hemorrhagica, serum sickness, and Arthus reaction, leading to fibrinoid necrosis of vascular walls.
Muscle Enzymes and Cardiac Markers
- Elevated muscle enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponin indicate cardiac or muscle damage.
Heartworm Disease Mechanism
- Adult Dirofilaria immitis residing in the right atrium or vena cava release antigens into the bloodstream, leading to proliferative endarteritis in pulmonary arterioles, increasing vascular resistance and pulmonary blood pressure.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
- Thrombi or abscess material can travel from the vena cava to the pulmonary circulation, causing increased resistance and potential acute right heart failure (RHF), notably in dairy cows on high-grain diets or older individuals after long flights.
Emphysema
- Characterized by ruptured alveolar septa and formation of bullae, emphysema leads to reduced capillary pathways between the right and left heart, increased pulmonary blood pressure, and impaired gas exchange.
Cardiac Abnormalities and Arrhythmias
- Heart blocks can cause dropped beats due to impaired conduction across the AV node.
- First-degree heart block features a prolonged PR interval; second-degree progresses to skipped beats, and third-degree results in complete AV node failure.
Causes of Cardiac Dysfunction
- Myocardial hypoxia, infarcts, and imbalances in blood electrolytes (potassium, calcium) can lead to heart conduction issues.
- Conditions such as hyperkalemia cause spiked T waves and reduced heart rate, while hypocalcemia results in rapid heartbeat.
Fibrillation Types
- Atrial fibrillation entails rapid, uncoordinated contractions that lead to inefficient heartbeats and potential thromboembolism.
- Ventricular fibrillation is fatal and can be precipitated by digoxin overdose or cardiac glycoside plant ingestion.
Cardiac Glycosides
- Found in plants like Digitalis, Taxus, and Nerium, these increase myocardial excitability and the risk of ventricular fibrillation.
- Livestock intoxication by these plants often results in sudden deaths.
Electrocution Effects
- Continuous electric current may induce sustained contraction of the heart while a single shock can result in ventricular fibrillation
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of cardiovascular pathology, focusing on right heart failure and left heart failure. It summarizes conditions like nutmeg liver, pulmonary congestion, and the renin-angiotensin system's role in cardiac function management. Familiarize yourself with treatment options, including ACE inhibitors and diuretics.
