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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
Arteries always carry deoxygenated blood, making them unique among blood vessels.
Arteries always carry deoxygenated blood, making them unique among blood vessels.
False
What compound produced during muscular contraction is a potent stimulator of blood flow?
What compound produced during muscular contraction is a potent stimulator of blood flow?
nitric oxide
The smallest blood vessels that facilitate gas exchange are called __________.
The smallest blood vessels that facilitate gas exchange are called __________.
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Match the following types of blood vessels with their primary functions:
Match the following types of blood vessels with their primary functions:
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Which statement accurately describes arterioles?
Which statement accurately describes arterioles?
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The process of diffusion allows oxygen to move from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
The process of diffusion allows oxygen to move from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
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How long would a line of all the capillaries in one person approximately be?
How long would a line of all the capillaries in one person approximately be?
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Which of the following are characteristics of asthma?
Which of the following are characteristics of asthma?
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition that can be effectively treated in the same way as asthma.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition that can be effectively treated in the same way as asthma.
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What is the term used to describe shortness of breath?
What is the term used to describe shortness of breath?
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The amount of oxygen taken up and consumed by the body in metabolic processes is called _________ __________.
The amount of oxygen taken up and consumed by the body in metabolic processes is called _________ __________.
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Oxygen consumption (VO2) decreases as the workload increases.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) decreases as the workload increases.
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Match the following terms related to oxygen consumption with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to oxygen consumption with their descriptions:
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What happens to blood flow to less active organs during exercise?
What happens to blood flow to less active organs during exercise?
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The brain's blood flow distribution remains unchanged during exercise.
The brain's blood flow distribution remains unchanged during exercise.
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What structural changes occur in the heart due to prolonged aerobic training?
What structural changes occur in the heart due to prolonged aerobic training?
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Aerobic exercise leads to improvements in the efficiency of the __________ system.
Aerobic exercise leads to improvements in the efficiency of the __________ system.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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During which type of exercise does the cardiovascular system demonstrate the greatest changes?
During which type of exercise does the cardiovascular system demonstrate the greatest changes?
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Blood flow distribution during exercise is consistent regardless of exercise intensity.
Blood flow distribution during exercise is consistent regardless of exercise intensity.
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What is the effect of increased venous return during exercise?
What is the effect of increased venous return during exercise?
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported via the bicarbonate system?
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported via the bicarbonate system?
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Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that facilitates the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that facilitates the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
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What is formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin in low oxygen conditions?
What is formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin in low oxygen conditions?
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The condition where an increase in H+ ions leads to a decrease in blood pH is referred to as __________.
The condition where an increase in H+ ions leads to a decrease in blood pH is referred to as __________.
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Match the following components involved in carbon dioxide transport to their respective functions:
Match the following components involved in carbon dioxide transport to their respective functions:
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Which activity increases ventilation and affects blood pH?
Which activity increases ventilation and affects blood pH?
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How does increased ventilation affect H+ ion concentration in the blood?
How does increased ventilation affect H+ ion concentration in the blood?
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Blood pH is generally maintained very close to a pH of 6.4.
Blood pH is generally maintained very close to a pH of 6.4.
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What is the term for the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas?
What is the term for the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas?
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The partial pressure of a gas remains constant regardless of changes in barometric pressure.
The partial pressure of a gas remains constant regardless of changes in barometric pressure.
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What is the relationship between the concentration gradient and the rate of diffusion?
What is the relationship between the concentration gradient and the rate of diffusion?
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Henry's law states that the amount of gas that dissolves into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and the ______ of the gas.
Henry's law states that the amount of gas that dissolves into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure and the ______ of the gas.
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Match the following factors affecting diffusion rates with their descriptions:
Match the following factors affecting diffusion rates with their descriptions:
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What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling ventilation?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling ventilation?
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The inspiratory centre generates a continuous signal to the respiratory muscles.
The inspiratory centre generates a continuous signal to the respiratory muscles.
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Name the two specialized respiratory centers located in the pons.
Name the two specialized respiratory centers located in the pons.
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The ________ and the ________ are the two main parts of the brain stem involved in the regulation of ventilation.
The ________ and the ________ are the two main parts of the brain stem involved in the regulation of ventilation.
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Match the following brain areas with their functions in ventilation:
Match the following brain areas with their functions in ventilation:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of sensory systems in respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a function of sensory systems in respiration?
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The control of breathing is a process under conscious control.
The control of breathing is a process under conscious control.
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What is the primary factor that influences muscle contraction related to breathing?
What is the primary factor that influences muscle contraction related to breathing?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the increased unloading of oxygen during exercise?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the increased unloading of oxygen during exercise?
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The Bohr shift results in a rightward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
The Bohr shift results in a rightward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
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What is the term used to describe the difference in oxygen content between arterial blood and venous blood?
What is the term used to describe the difference in oxygen content between arterial blood and venous blood?
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During exercise, the __________ of the skeletal muscle increases, resulting in a higher demand for oxygen.
During exercise, the __________ of the skeletal muscle increases, resulting in a higher demand for oxygen.
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Match the following changes during exercise to their effects on oxygen unloading:
Match the following changes during exercise to their effects on oxygen unloading:
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What is the observed change in respiratory function due to regular aerobic training?
What is the observed change in respiratory function due to regular aerobic training?
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Regular aerobic training significantly enhances the strength of the respiratory muscles.
Regular aerobic training significantly enhances the strength of the respiratory muscles.
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The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content reflects how much oxygen has been __________ to the muscle during exercise.
The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content reflects how much oxygen has been __________ to the muscle during exercise.
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What is considered a normal range for blood pressure in humans?
What is considered a normal range for blood pressure in humans?
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Systolic blood pressure typically increases during aerobic exercise, while diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged.
Systolic blood pressure typically increases during aerobic exercise, while diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged.
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What phenomenon occurs after exercise, causing blood pressure to drop below normal resting values?
What phenomenon occurs after exercise, causing blood pressure to drop below normal resting values?
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Blood pressure greater than __________ mmHg is considered hypertension.
Blood pressure greater than __________ mmHg is considered hypertension.
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Match the following causes of hypertension with their descriptions:
Match the following causes of hypertension with their descriptions:
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What lifestyle changes are recommended for individuals with elevated blood pressure?
What lifestyle changes are recommended for individuals with elevated blood pressure?
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Resistance exercise leads to long-term increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the activity.
Resistance exercise leads to long-term increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the activity.
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Within how many weeks does aerobic exercise typically lead to improvements in resting blood pressure for people with moderate to high blood pressure?
Within how many weeks does aerobic exercise typically lead to improvements in resting blood pressure for people with moderate to high blood pressure?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by airflow reduction and often requires supplemental oxygen therapy?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by airflow reduction and often requires supplemental oxygen therapy?
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Asthma symptoms can be quickly relieved through medication.
Asthma symptoms can be quickly relieved through medication.
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What is another term for shortness of breath commonly associated with respiratory diseases?
What is another term for shortness of breath commonly associated with respiratory diseases?
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The process of measuring the amount of air expired and the concentration of oxygen in that air to determine oxygen consumption is called __________.
The process of measuring the amount of air expired and the concentration of oxygen in that air to determine oxygen consumption is called __________.
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Match the following respiratory conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following respiratory conditions with their characteristics:
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Which factor is NOT typically known to stimulate an asthma attack?
Which factor is NOT typically known to stimulate an asthma attack?
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Oxygen consumption (VO2) is independent of physical workload.
Oxygen consumption (VO2) is independent of physical workload.
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What is the term used to describe the total blood flow distributed throughout the body?
What is the term used to describe the total blood flow distributed throughout the body?
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What is the term for the point at which pulmonary ventilation increases rapidly in relation to workload?
What is the term for the point at which pulmonary ventilation increases rapidly in relation to workload?
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Proper aerobic training can shift the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) curve to occur earlier.
Proper aerobic training can shift the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) curve to occur earlier.
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What is the role of lactic acid during intensive exercise?
What is the role of lactic acid during intensive exercise?
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The exercise intensity where lactate accumulation begins to rise rapidly is referred to as the ________ threshold.
The exercise intensity where lactate accumulation begins to rise rapidly is referred to as the ________ threshold.
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Match the following thresholds with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following thresholds with their corresponding characteristics:
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How does aerobic training primarily increase aerobic capacity?
How does aerobic training primarily increase aerobic capacity?
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Blood lactate concentrations initially remain high during the onset of exercise.
Blood lactate concentrations initially remain high during the onset of exercise.
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At what percentage of VO2max does ventilatory threshold typically occur?
At what percentage of VO2max does ventilatory threshold typically occur?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Electrical Signal Transmission: The electrical signal starts at the sinoatrial node (SA node), travels to the atrioventricular node (AV node), then through the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, initiating heart contractions. Specialized tissues ensure coordinated contraction of atria & ventricles.
- SA Node Function: The SA node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, setting basic contraction rate (~70-80 bpm) independently of the nervous system.
- AV Node Function: The AV node takes over pacing if the SA node fails, but normally transmits the signal to the ventricles, delaying ventricular contraction to allow atrial emptying.
- Bundle of His/Branches/Purkinje Fibers: The electrical signal is passed through these specialized tissues to the ventricles, coordinating their contraction, ensuring a synchronized contraction of the ventricles.
- Heart Contraction Sequence: Atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction, pushing blood into the ventricles, then into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. This sequence is crucial for efficient blood pumping.
Vascular System
- Arteries: Thick-walled, muscular vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries). They are elastic to accommodate blood pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; withstanding high pressure.
- Arterioles: Smaller branches of arteries, with muscle to regulate blood flow to specific tissues (influenced by nervous system and local factors). This regulation ensures blood supply matches tissue needs.
- Capillaries: Microscopic vessels with thin walls (one cell thick) for gas exchange between blood and tissues. Millions present throughout the body; optimum surface area for diffusion.
- Venules: Small veins that collect blood from capillaries.
- Veins: Wider vessels with thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow as blood returns to the heart. Larger veins such as superior and inferior vena cava; lower pressure.
- Blood Flow Through Vessels: Blood flows from arteries to arterioles to capillaries, venules and veins, becoming progressively wider and returning to the heart; controlled by pressure gradients & valves.
Capillaries
- Gas Exchange: Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues. Exchange occurs via diffusion.
- Diffusion: Gases and nutrients move from areas of higher concentration in the blood to lower concentration in the tissues. The same principle applies in reverse.
Blood Flow Return
- Thoracic Pump: Changes in pressure within the chest cavity during breathing help move blood back to the heart. Changes in pressure facilitate venous return.
- Skeletal Muscle Pump: Muscle contractions during exercise exert pressure on veins, pushing blood towards the heart. This mechanism aids venous return during activity.
- Valves: One-way valves within veins prevent backflow of blood, ensuring unidirectional movement. Prevent backflow, facilitating unidirectional movement.
Blood Pressure
- Systolic Pressure: Maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic Pressure: Minimum pressure during ventricular relaxation.
- Measurement: Blood pressure is typically measured in mmHg (millimeters of mercury), recorded as systolic/diastolic.
- Importance: Blood pressure is a crucial measurement in circulatory function, and a marker for cardiovascular health; indicative of workload.
Blood Composition
- Plasma: Fluid portion of blood, carrying nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
- Blood Cells: Erythrocytes (red blood cells), transport oxygen. Leukocytes (white blood cells), part of the immune system. Platelets, involved in blood clotting.
Cardiovascular Disease
- Atherosclerosis: Hard deposits of cholesterol (plaque) accumulate on artery walls, narrowing the arteries.
- Risk Factors: Poor diet, smoking, elevated blood lipids, hypertension, family history, physical inactivity increase risk.
- Heart Attack: A major consequence of atherosclerosis, where blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. Leading to myocardial infarction (heart attack).
- Hypertension: Persistent high blood pressure. Requires medical intervention if uncontrolled.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and pathways of the cardiovascular system, including the electrical signal transmission that initiates heart contractions. Key components like the SA node, AV node, and the structure of arteries are highlighted to enhance your understanding of heart function.
