Cardiovascular System Overview

Initiates the electrical impulse of the heart, setting the pace for heart contractions.

Pulmonary and aortic valves are open, allowing blood ejection into pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively.

Veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood, ensuring unidirectional flow towards the heart.

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

The pulmonary trunk is part of the pulmonary circuit, not the systemic circuit.

Blood goes into the aorta immediately after leaving the left ventricle.

Arterioles regulate blood pressure the most due to their ability to constrict or dilate.

The P wave represents atrial depolarization.

The myocardium's primary function is to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

The SA node is located in the right atrium.

The tunica media contains smooth muscle, which controls blood vessel diameter.

Blood in the pulmonary veins is oxygenated, returning from the lungs to the left atrium.

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow into the right atrium, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.

Plasma contains albumin, which helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances.

The superior vena cava returns blood to the right atrium from the upper body.

The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it pumps blood to the entire systemic circulation.

Capillaries are the site of exchange between blood and tissues due to their thin walls.

Chordae tendineae anchor valves, preventing them from inverting during ventricular contraction.

Epinephrine raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart.

The pulmonary circuit removes carbon dioxide from blood.

The aorta is an elastic artery.

Hematocrit measures the percentage of RBCs in blood.

Platelets initiate clotting.

Blood transports nutrients, removes waste, and transports hormones.

The aortic valve opens when ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure.

The hepatic portal vein carries blood to the liver from the intestines.

Fenestrated capillaries contain pores for filtration.

Red blood cells transport oxygen.

The spleen removes old RBCs from circulation.

Arteries have thicker walls than veins.

Dehydration causes an increase in hematocrit.

The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle.

Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated and contains intercalated discs.

The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart.

The medulla oblongata regulates breathing and heart rate.

Astrocytes and microglia are neuroglia of the CNS.

The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.

The occipital lobe processes vision.

The myelin sheath insulates the neuron.

CSF circulates in the ventricles, provides nutrients to the brain, and is produced by the choroid plexus.

The somatic division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle movements.

The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between them.

A dendrite receives information and conducts it towards the cell body.

The cerebellum coordinates balance and motor control.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter involved at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

The blood-brain barrier protects the brain against toxins and pathogens.

The oculomotor cranial nerve controls eye movement.

The spinal cord typically ends at the L1-L2 vertebral level.

Sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

Calcium, ATP, and acetylcholine are all required for muscle contraction to occur.

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into the sarcoplasm to initiate muscle contraction.

Tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site on actin when the muscle is at rest.

During the power stroke, the myosin head pivots, pulling the actin filament.

The epimysium surrounds a whole muscle, providing structure and support.

Skeletal muscles function in heat production, movement, and protection of the body.

The neuromuscular junction transmits a neural signal to the muscle, initiating contraction.

A motor unit includes muscle fibers innervated by one neuron.

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the NMJ, which helps signal the muscle.

Smooth muscle is capable of regeneration.

During contraction, the sarcomere length decreases as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, breaking down bone tissue to release minerals.

In adults, red bone marrow is found mainly in the epiphysis of long bones and in flat bones.

The sternum is a flat bone, protecting the organs of the thorax.

The epiphysis of a long bone contains spongy bone.

The periosteum covers the external bone surface. It Contains osteoblasts that enable bone growth and remodeling.

Trochanters are bone markings for muscle attachment.

Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of motion, permitting movement in multiple planes.

The skeletal system functions in hematopoiesis, mineral storage, and movement facilitation.

Articular cartilage absorbs shock and prevents bone-on-bone friction within joints.

The bones that form the axial skeleton include the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.

Facial bones include the zygomatic, mandible, and nasal bones.

The lumbar part of the vertebral column bears the most weight.

The epiphyseal plate is the site of bone growth.

The sella turcica houses the pituitary gland, protecting and supporting this endocrine organ.

Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.

What type of epithelial tissue lines blood vessels?

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

Involuntary and Found in the Walls of Internal Organs