Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which blood vessels are responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood?

  • Veins
  • Arteries (correct)
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Superior vena cava

What major role does the pulmonary circuit serve in blood circulation?

  • Transport hormones throughout the body
  • Supply tissues with oxygenated blood
  • Oxygenate blood (correct)
  • Remove waste products from the blood

In which part of the heart does oxygen-poor blood enter first?

  • Right atrium (correct)
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle

Which sequence correctly describes the path of blood through the heart?

<p>Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?

<p>Aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>Transport oxygen-poor blood towards the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart prevents backflow of blood within the chambers?

<p>Valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove carbon dioxide and waste (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which covering is described as the 'inside covering' of the heart?

<p>Serous Pericardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily made up of cardiac muscle?

<p>Myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of the human heart?

<p>The size of a fist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the heart located in the human body?

<p>Thoracic cavity, medial to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid fills the space between the layers of the serous pericardium?

<p>Serous fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the outermost layer of the heart wall?

<p>Epicardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygen-poor blood?

<p>Right Atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart valves?

<p>To ensure blood flows in only one direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs lists the correct left and right atrioventricular valves?

<p>Bicuspid and Tricuspid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the atrioventricular valves from everting into the atria?

<p>Chordae tendineae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract?

<p>During ventricular systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sound 'Lub' associated with in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Closing of the atrioventricular valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which semilunar valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

<p>Pulmonary semilunar valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation?

<p>They close to prevent backflow from the arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In one complete cardiac cycle, when do the atria contract?

<p>Before the ventricles contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system is a closed system that circulates blood throughout the body. It is composed of the heart and blood vessels.

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products.

Where is the heart located?

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, medial to the lungs, superior to the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum. It is also found within the mediastinum.

What are the coverings of the heart?

The heart is covered by two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.

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What are the layers of the heart wall?

The heart wall is composed of three layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

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What are the chambers of the heart?

The heart has four hollow chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

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What are the names of the heart chambers?

The chambers of the heart are the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.

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What is the difference between veins and arteries?

Veins generally carry oxygen-poor blood, while arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood.

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Which ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood?

The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body through the aorta.

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What is the purpose of the pulmonary circuit?

The pulmonary circuit is responsible for oxygenating blood by moving it from the heart to the lungs and back.

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What are the two main blood vessels that connect to the heart?

The inferior vena cava and superior vena cava are large blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

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What are the functions of the right atrium and ventricle?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs.

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What is the pathway of blood from the heart through the systemic circuit?

Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta and travels to the body, where it delivers oxygen to the cells. Deoxygenated blood then returns to the right atrium through the venae cavae.

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What is the main difference between arteries and veins in terms of blood flow?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood towards the heart.

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Where does blood pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide?

Blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in the lungs.

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What is the function of the left atrium and ventricle?

The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps this blood to the body.

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What are AV valves?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are located between the atria and ventricles of the heart. They allow blood to flow only in one direction, from atria to ventricles, preventing backflow.

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What are the two AV valves?

The two AV valves are the bicuspid (mitral) valve on the left side and the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart.

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What are semilunar valves?

Semilunar valves are located at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery. They prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

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What are the two semilunar valves?

The two semilunar valves are the pulmonary semilunar valve on the right side and the aortic semilunar valve on the left side.

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What is the role of chordae tendineae?

Chordae tendineae are 'heart strings' that attach to the AV valve flaps. They prevent the valves from everting (turning inside out) into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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What are the 'Lub' and 'Dup' heart sounds?

The 'Lub' sound is produced by the closing of the AV valves during ventricular contraction. The 'Dup' sound is produced by the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation.

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How do AV valves open and close?

When blood enters the atria, pressure forces open the AV valves. During ventricular contraction, the pressure forces the valves closed, and chordae tendineae tighten to prevent eversion.

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How do semilunar valves open and close?

During ventricular contraction, pressure pushes open the semilunar valves as blood flows into the arteries. During relaxation, the pressure falls, allowing blood to flow back from the arteries, closing the valve flaps.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • The cardiovascular system is a closed system composed of the heart and blood vessels
  • The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body
  • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate throughout the body

Heart Functions

  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients
  • Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products

Heart Size and Location

  • About the size of a fist
  • Located in the thoracic cavity
  • Medial to the lungs
  • Superior to the diaphragm
  • Posterior to the sternum
  • Pointed apex towards the left hip, base towards the right shoulder
  • Located within the mediastinum

Heart Coverings

  • Fibrous pericardium: Outer covering, loose and superficial
  • Serous pericardium: Inner covering, deep to the fibrous pericardium
    • Parietal pericardium: Outer layer, lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
    • Visceral pericardium: Inner layer, physically attached to the heart, also called epicardium
  • Serous fluid fills the cavity between the layers

Heart Wall Layers

  • Epicardium (Outer Layer): This is the visceral pericardium
  • Myocardium (Middle Layer): Mostly cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium (Inner Layer): Simple squamous epithelium, also called endothelium

Heart Anatomy (Chambers)

  • Atria: Two upper chambers that receive blood
    • Right atrium
    • Left atrium
  • Ventricles: Two lower chambers that discharge blood
    • Right ventricle
    • Left ventricle

Heart Anatomy (Blood Vessels)

  • Veins: Carry blood towards the heart
  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart

Heart: Path of Blood

  • Right and left sides act as separate pumps
    • Right side pumps oxygen-poor blood
    • Left side pumps oxygen-rich blood

Heart Anatomy (Large Blood Vessels)

  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Right pulmonary artery
  • Left pulmonary artery
  • Two right pulmonary veins
  • Two left pulmonary veins
  • Aorta

Blood Circulation

  • Pulmonary Circuit: Heart → Lungs → Heart. Includes pulmonary arteries and veins.
    • Purpose: Oxygenate the blood.
  • Systemic Circuit: Heart → Body → Heart. Includes venae cavae, and the aorta.
    • Purpose: Supply cells with oxygenated blood.

Heart: Path of Blood (Specific Steps)

  1. Oxygen-poor blood flows into the right atrium
  2. Blood moves to the right ventricle
  3. The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk
  4. Blood passes to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
  5. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium
  6. Blood moves to the left ventricle
  7. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta to be distributed throughout the body.
  8. Tissues use up oxygen, blood becomes oxygen-poor, and the cycle repeats.

Heart Valves

  • Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:
    • Allow blood to flow in one direction (atria to ventricles)
    • Valves open as blood is pumped through
    • Close to prevent blood flow back (backflow)
    • Held in place by chordae tendineae ("heart strings")
    • Two AV valves: Mitral/bicuspid (left side) and Tricuspid (right side)
  • Semilunar Valves:
    • Allow blood to flow out of the ventricles
    • Three semilunar valves: Pulmonary (right side) and Aortic (left side)

Heart Operation of AV Valves

  • Blood entering atria puts pressure on AV valves, forcing them open
  • Ventricles fill with blood
  • Atria contract, forcing the rest of the blood into the ventricles
  • Ventricles contract, pushing against AV valve flaps; AV valves close
  • Chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from inverting into atria
  • Ventricles relax; pressure decreases; blood flows back from arteries, closing the semilunar valves

Heart Sounds

  • Using a stethoscope, two sounds are heard during each cardiac cycle: "lub-dup"
    • "Lub": Closing of the AV valves
    • "Dup": Closing of the semilunar valves

Cardiac Cycle

  • Events of one complete heartbeat
    • Atria contract simultaneously
    • Atria relax, ventricles contract
    • Contraction = Systole
    • Relaxation = Diastole

Heart Conduction System

  • Heart beats controlled by an intrinsic conduction system, allowing heart muscle cells to contract without nerve impulses
  • Special tissue (no where else in body)
    • Sinoatrial node (SA node: pacemaker)
    • Atrioventricular node (AV node)
    • Atrioventricular bundle
    • Bundle branches
    • Purkinje fibers

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