Cardiovascular System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

  • Filter waste from blood
  • Transport nutrients to tissues
  • Pump blood throughout the body (correct)
  • Regulate blood pressure

Which blood vessels are responsible for returning blood to the heart?

  • Venules
  • Veins (correct)
  • Capillaries
  • Arteries

What makes blood a unique connective tissue?

  • It is composed primarily of fibers
  • It can regenerate itself
  • It contains only one type of cell
  • It has a liquid matrix called plasma (correct)

Which component of blood constitutes the majority of its composition?

<p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of blood?

<p>Generating electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

<p>91+% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are dissolved in the plasma solutes?

<p>Nutrients, wastes, and electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the protein components of plasma primarily responsible for?

<p>Clotting and immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates an increase in erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys?

<p>Hypoxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils in a normal white blood cell count?

<p>60-65% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of granules contain bactericidal agents such as lysozyme in neutrophils?

<p>Specific granules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of time neutrophils typically spend in circulation before reaching sites of infection?

<p>8-10 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrin threads in the clotting process?

<p>To pull the clot together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of granulocytes?

<p>Contain observable granules when stained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can give rise to both red blood cells and platelets?

<p>Hemocytoblasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to erythropoietin secretion when blood oxygen levels are raised due to increased red blood cell production?

<p>It decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbonic acid in the lungs?

<p>It is eliminated through respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of erythropoietin?

<p>To stimulate the production of more erythrocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the production of red blood cells?

<p>Vitamin B12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what environment does carbonic acid dissociation primarily occur?

<p>In the systemic tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a slight increase in blood pH in the lungs?

<p>Decreased production of hydrogen ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to aged and damaged red blood cells?

<p>They are disposed of in the spleen and liver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

<p>120 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in red bone marrow as a person ages?

<p>Much of it becomes fatty but retains stem cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

<p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding sickle cell anemia?

<p>Sickled cells can block blood flow in capillaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of hemoglobin saturation in blood?

<p>It represents the proportion of iron atoms binding to carbon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of erythrocytes helps facilitate their function?

<p>Biconcave disk shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the composition of hemoglobin?

<p>Two alpha and two beta chains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin at low oxygen tension?

<p>Hemoglobin crystallizes and forms sickle shapes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the iron atoms in heme groups play?

<p>They bind to oxygen molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural change occurs in erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia?

<p>Loss of the membrane flexibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is transported as oxyhemoglobin in the blood?

<p>98% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would favor the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin over oxygen?

<p>Increased carbon monoxide levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

<p>Reacted with water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the transport of carbon dioxide?

<p>It facilitates the reaction of carbon dioxide with water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the established pH range maintained by the buffer system in the body?

<p>7.35 to 7.45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of carbon dioxide accounts for 23% of its transport in the body?

<p>Attached to amino acids on globin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased carbon dioxide reacting with water in the blood?

<p>Formation of carbonic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true regarding the bond strength of carbon monoxide compared to oxygen?

<p>It is 10 times stronger than that of oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do phagocytic cells play in the healing process?

<p>They remove debris from the site of injury. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

<p>Calcium ions and specific clotting factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do individuals with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding?

<p>They have a deficiency of factors in the intrinsic pathway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Coumarin affect blood clotting?

<p>It competes with Vitamin K for binding sites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to clotting if calcium ions are removed?

<p>Coagulation is prevented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor enhances the clotting process during tissue damage?

<p>Tissue thromboplastin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of administering Vitamin K in the context of clotting?

<p>It increases levels of plasma clotting proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about external wounds is true?

<p>Extrinsic factors enhance clot formation in these cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the function of the heart?

The organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

What are arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to various organs and tissues.

What are veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from organs and tissues.

What are capillaries?

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

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What is plasma?

The liquid portion of blood, containing various dissolved substances and proteins.

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What is albumin?

A type of protein found in plasma that helps to maintain blood pressure and volume.

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What are fibrinogens?

Proteins in plasma responsible for blood clotting.

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What are globulins?

Proteins in plasma that play a role in immunity and transport.

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Oxyhemoglobin

The primary way oxygen is transported in the blood, where oxygen molecules bind to iron atoms in hemoglobin.

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Carboxyhemoglobin

A compound formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen from attaching. This bond is much stronger than the oxygen-hemoglobin bond.

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CO2 Dissolved in Plasma

The process of carbon dioxide dissolving into blood plasma. Accounts for a small percentage of CO2 transport.

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Carbaminohemoglobin

A form of hemoglobin where CO2 is attached to the globin protein chain. Contributes moderately to CO2 transport.

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Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction

The conversion of dissolved CO2 into carbonic acid (H2CO3) and then bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). This is the primary way CO2 is transported in the blood.

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Blood Buffer System

A chemical system in the blood that resists changes in pH. It involves the balance between weak acids and their conjugate bases. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system plays a crucial role in blood pH regulation.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid.

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Chloride Shift

The process where bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) move from red blood cells into plasma, while chloride ions (Cl-) move in the opposite direction. This maintains electrical neutrality in the blood.

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What is the function of Erythrocytes?

Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave discs responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. Their shape maximizes both volume and surface area, allowing for efficient gas exchange.

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What is Rouleaux formation?

RBCs stack in a column, allowing them to easily navigate even the narrowest blood vessels.

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What causes Sickle Cells?

A single point mutation in the globin gene leads to an abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) that aggregates under low oxygen conditions, causing RBCs to adopt a sickle shape.

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How do Sickle Cells cause Anemia Crisis?

Sickle cells are rigid and prone to sticking together, blocking small blood vessels and causing reduced blood flow and oxygen deprivation.

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What is the structure of Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta) each containing a heme group, which binds to oxygen.

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How does Hemoglobin bind and release oxygen?

Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) binds to oxygen in the lungs, becoming oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). This oxygen is then released in the tissues.

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What is Hemoglobin saturation?

Hemoglobin saturation measures the percentage of iron atoms carrying oxygen molecules. Oxygenated blood at sea level typically has a saturation of 98%.

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What is the function of Carbonic Anhydrase?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme produced by RBCs that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, facilitating carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of red blood cell formation.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone produced mainly by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

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Pleuripotential stem cell

A type of stem cell in bone marrow that can develop into different types of blood cells, including red blood cells.

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Plasma

The fluid portion of blood, responsible for carrying dissolved nutrients, gases, and waste products.

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Albumin

A protein in plasma responsible for maintaining blood pressure and volume.

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Fibrinogens

Proteins in plasma responsible for blood clotting.

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Globulins

Proteins in plasma that play important roles in immunity and transportation.

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Myeloid tissue

A specialized type of tissue found in the bone marrow that produces blood cells.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow.

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Hypoxia

A state of insufficient oxygen in the blood or tissues. It triggers the release of erythropoietin.

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Neutrophils

The most abundant type of white blood cell (WBC), responsible for phagocytizing bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris.

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing and destroying foreign particles or cellular debris by specialized cells, like neutrophils.

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Basophils

A type of WBC that releases histamine and other chemicals involved in allergic responses and inflammation.

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Coagulation

A complex process that forms a blood clot, stopping bleeding.

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Fibrin

A protein found in plasma that helps to form a clot.

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Extrinsic Pathway

A process where clotting factors from damaged tissue activate a cascade of reactions leading to blood clot formation. It occurs with most external wounds, but not internal hemorrhaging.

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Intrinsic Pathway

A slower clotting pathway involving factors from within the blood itself. It occurs due to internal bleeding or prolonged exposure of blood to a foreign surface.

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Hemophilia

A deficiency in clotting factors affecting the intrinsic pathway, leading to prolonged bleeding from internal injuries.

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Vitamin K

A crucial compound required for the synthesis of many clotting factors, particularly in the extrinsic pathway.

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Coumarin

A plant product that inhibits the action of Vitamin K, hindering the production of clotting factors, hence slowing down clotting.

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Heparin

A potent anticoagulant boosting the activity of antithrombin, preventing blood clots and promoting clotting factor inactivation.

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Antithrombin III

A natural protein inhibitor in the blood that blocks the formation of thrombin, a key clotting enzyme.

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Thrombin

The specific protein that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, a key step in blood clot formation.

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Study Notes

Blood Overview

  • Blood is a complex tissue, part of the connective tissue group, derived from mesenchyme cells.
  • The fluid portion of blood is called plasma.
  • Plasma makes up 55% of the total blood volume.

Cardiovascular System Components

  • Heart: pumps blood
  • Blood Vessels:
    • Arteries: carry blood to organs and tissues
    • Veins: return blood to the heart
    • Capillaries: allow transport to and from tissues
  • Blood: the fluid medium for transport

Blood Composition

  • Plasma:
    • 91+% water
    • Solutes: nutrients, wastes, blood gases, electrolytes, regulatory molecules
    • Proteins: albumin, fibrinogens, globulins
  • Formed elements (cells and derivatives make up 45% of total blood volume, =Hematocrit)
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 5 x 106/mm3
    • Leukocytes (white blood cells): 5-10 x 103 /mm3
    • Thrombocytes (platelets): 150-200 x 103 /mm3

Plasma Proteins

  • Albumins: 65%, osmolarity and viscosity
  • Globulins: transport and storage proteins
    • Transferrin: carries iron in blood
    • Ferritin: stores iron in liver and marrow
    • Antibodies
  • Fibrinogens: clotting proteins

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

  • Biconcave disks, optimizing volume and surface area for storage and transport
  • No nuclei or organelles, simple enzyme systems
  • Function: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin.

Sickle Cell Anemia

  • A point mutation in the globin gene causes hemoglobin S (HbS)
  • HbS aggregation causes loss of cell plasticity and comma-shaped cells under low oxygen tension
  • The substituted amino acid changes the hemoglobin structure and leads to the formation of fibrous structures when oxygen tension is low
  • Sickled cells get stuck in capillaries, decreasing blood flow

Hemoglobin

  • Comprised of four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta), each with a heme group.
  • Heme groups contain iron atoms that bind oxygen.
  • Hemoglobin also binds carbon monoxide

Oxygen Transport

  • 98% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
  • 2% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

  • 7% dissolved in plasma
  • 23% attached to amino acids on globin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 70% reacts with water to form carbonic acid

Blood Buffer System

  • Maintains a narrow pH range (7.35-7.45) through equilibrium between a weak acid and its dissociation products
  • Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in red blood cells that facilitates the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid, an important part of buffer function

Erythropoiesis

  • Production of red blood cells in the myeloid tissue of bone marrow.
  • Erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidney, stimulates erythropoiesis when blood oxygen levels are low

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

  • Granulocytes: observable granules
    • Neutrophils: 60-65% of leukocytes, active and passive phagocytes
    • Eosinophils: 2%, important in allergic responses, inflammatory counteraction. Secrete anti-inflammatory chemical
    • Basophils: <1%, mediate inflammatory reactions, release histamine and heparin-like molecules
  • Agranulocytes: no observable granules
    • Lymphocytes: 25-30%, B cells: antibody production, T cells: cell-mediated immunity, Natural killer cells.
    • Monocytes: ~9%, transform into macrophages in connective tissue, critical in wound healing and phagocytosis.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Cellular derivatives from megakaryocytes
  • Fragmented cells containing factors essential for the intrinsic blood-clotting mechanism.
  • They play an important role in hemostasis

Hemostasis

  • Arrest of bleeding
  • Three main phases:
    • Platelet plug formation
    • Vascular spasm
    • Coagulation

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Clotting Pathways

  • Intrinsic: relies on factors already present in blood, activated upon damage to the blood vessel.
  • Extrinsic: enhanced by factors from damaged tissue, faster clotting than intrinsic pathway.

Vitamin K

  • Required for the synthesis of certain clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway.

Anti-coagulants

  • Heparin: potentiates anti-thrombin.
  • Coumarin: competes with vitamin K, for protein production essential to the clotting process.

Other Factors in Clotting

  • Serotonin: causes vasoconstriction
  • Ice: used to cause vasoconstriction
  • Compression: reduces blood flow in order to enhance clotting.

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