Cardiovascular System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

  • Filter waste from blood
  • Transport nutrients to tissues
  • Pump blood throughout the body (correct)
  • Regulate blood pressure

    • Which blood vessels are responsible for returning blood to the heart?

  • Venules
  • Veins (correct)
  • Capillaries
  • Arteries

    • What makes blood a unique connective tissue?

  • It is composed primarily of fibers
  • It can regenerate itself
  • It contains only one type of cell
  • It has a liquid matrix called plasma (correct)

    • Which component of blood constitutes the majority of its composition?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of blood?

    <p>Generating electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

    <p>91+%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are dissolved in the plasma solutes?

    <p>Nutrients, wastes, and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the protein components of plasma primarily responsible for?

    <p>Clotting and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates an increase in erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils in a normal white blood cell count?

    <p>60-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules contain bactericidal agents such as lysozyme in neutrophils?

    <p>Specific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of time neutrophils typically spend in circulation before reaching sites of infection?

    <p>8-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrin threads in the clotting process?

    <p>To pull the clot together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of granulocytes?

    <p>Contain observable granules when stained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells can give rise to both red blood cells and platelets?

    <p>Hemocytoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythropoietin secretion when blood oxygen levels are raised due to increased red blood cell production?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbonic acid in the lungs?

    <p>It is eliminated through respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of erythropoietin?

    <p>To stimulate the production of more erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what environment does carbonic acid dissociation primarily occur?

    <p>In the systemic tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a slight increase in blood pH in the lungs?

    <p>Decreased production of hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to aged and damaged red blood cells?

    <p>They are disposed of in the spleen and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in red bone marrow as a person ages?

    <p>Much of it becomes fatty but retains stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct regarding sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Sickled cells can block blood flow in capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hemoglobin saturation in blood?

    <p>It represents the proportion of iron atoms binding to carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of erythrocytes helps facilitate their function?

    <p>Biconcave disk shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the composition of hemoglobin?

    <p>Two alpha and two beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin at low oxygen tension?

    <p>Hemoglobin crystallizes and forms sickle shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the iron atoms in heme groups play?

    <p>They bind to oxygen molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change occurs in erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Loss of the membrane flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported as oxyhemoglobin in the blood?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would favor the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin over oxygen?

    <p>Increased carbon monoxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

    <p>Reacted with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the transport of carbon dioxide?

    <p>It facilitates the reaction of carbon dioxide with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the established pH range maintained by the buffer system in the body?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of carbon dioxide accounts for 23% of its transport in the body?

    <p>Attached to amino acids on globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased carbon dioxide reacting with water in the blood?

    <p>Formation of carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true regarding the bond strength of carbon monoxide compared to oxygen?

    <p>It is 10 times stronger than that of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phagocytic cells play in the healing process?

    <p>They remove debris from the site of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

    <p>Calcium ions and specific clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do individuals with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding?

    <p>They have a deficiency of factors in the intrinsic pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Coumarin affect blood clotting?

    <p>It competes with Vitamin K for binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to clotting if calcium ions are removed?

    <p>Coagulation is prevented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor enhances the clotting process during tissue damage?

    <p>Tissue thromboplastin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of administering Vitamin K in the context of clotting?

    <p>It increases levels of plasma clotting proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about external wounds is true?

    <p>Extrinsic factors enhance clot formation in these cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Overview

    • Blood is a complex tissue, part of the connective tissue group, derived from mesenchyme cells.
    • The fluid portion of blood is called plasma.
    • Plasma makes up 55% of the total blood volume.

    Cardiovascular System Components

    • Heart: pumps blood
    • Blood Vessels:
      • Arteries: carry blood to organs and tissues
      • Veins: return blood to the heart
      • Capillaries: allow transport to and from tissues
    • Blood: the fluid medium for transport

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma:
      • 91+% water
      • Solutes: nutrients, wastes, blood gases, electrolytes, regulatory molecules
      • Proteins: albumin, fibrinogens, globulins
    • Formed elements (cells and derivatives make up 45% of total blood volume, =Hematocrit)
      • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 5 x 106/mm3
      • Leukocytes (white blood cells): 5-10 x 103 /mm3
      • Thrombocytes (platelets): 150-200 x 103 /mm3

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumins: 65%, osmolarity and viscosity
    • Globulins: transport and storage proteins
      • Transferrin: carries iron in blood
      • Ferritin: stores iron in liver and marrow
      • Antibodies
    • Fibrinogens: clotting proteins

    Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

    • Biconcave disks, optimizing volume and surface area for storage and transport
    • No nuclei or organelles, simple enzyme systems
    • Function: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin.

    Sickle Cell Anemia

    • A point mutation in the globin gene causes hemoglobin S (HbS)
    • HbS aggregation causes loss of cell plasticity and comma-shaped cells under low oxygen tension
    • The substituted amino acid changes the hemoglobin structure and leads to the formation of fibrous structures when oxygen tension is low
    • Sickled cells get stuck in capillaries, decreasing blood flow

    Hemoglobin

    • Comprised of four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta), each with a heme group.
    • Heme groups contain iron atoms that bind oxygen.
    • Hemoglobin also binds carbon monoxide

    Oxygen Transport

    • 98% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
    • 2% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • 7% dissolved in plasma
    • 23% attached to amino acids on globin (carbaminohemoglobin)
    • 70% reacts with water to form carbonic acid

    Blood Buffer System

    • Maintains a narrow pH range (7.35-7.45) through equilibrium between a weak acid and its dissociation products
    • Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in red blood cells that facilitates the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid, an important part of buffer function

    Erythropoiesis

    • Production of red blood cells in the myeloid tissue of bone marrow.
    • Erythropoietin, primarily produced by the kidney, stimulates erythropoiesis when blood oxygen levels are low

    Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

    • Granulocytes: observable granules
      • Neutrophils: 60-65% of leukocytes, active and passive phagocytes
      • Eosinophils: 2%, important in allergic responses, inflammatory counteraction. Secrete anti-inflammatory chemical
      • Basophils: <1%, mediate inflammatory reactions, release histamine and heparin-like molecules
    • Agranulocytes: no observable granules
      • Lymphocytes: 25-30%, B cells: antibody production, T cells: cell-mediated immunity, Natural killer cells.
      • Monocytes: ~9%, transform into macrophages in connective tissue, critical in wound healing and phagocytosis.

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Cellular derivatives from megakaryocytes
    • Fragmented cells containing factors essential for the intrinsic blood-clotting mechanism.
    • They play an important role in hemostasis

    Hemostasis

    • Arrest of bleeding
    • Three main phases:
      • Platelet plug formation
      • Vascular spasm
      • Coagulation

    Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Clotting Pathways

    • Intrinsic: relies on factors already present in blood, activated upon damage to the blood vessel.
    • Extrinsic: enhanced by factors from damaged tissue, faster clotting than intrinsic pathway.

    Vitamin K

    • Required for the synthesis of certain clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway.

    Anti-coagulants

    • Heparin: potentiates anti-thrombin.
    • Coumarin: competes with vitamin K, for protein production essential to the clotting process.

    Other Factors in Clotting

    • Serotonin: causes vasoconstriction
    • Ice: used to cause vasoconstriction
    • Compression: reduces blood flow in order to enhance clotting.

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    The Blood PDF - Anatomy Notes

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with this quiz, covering the heart's function, blood vessels, and the unique characteristics of blood as a connective tissue. Explore the roles of blood, plasma composition, and more to reinforce your understanding of this vital system.

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