Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

  • Chondrocytes (correct)
  • Plasma
  • Erythrocytes
  • Lymphocytes

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

  • Fighting infections
  • Coagulation
  • Transporting oxygen (correct)
  • Producing antibodies

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

  • Arteries (correct)
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
  • Venules

What is the function of the valves found in veins?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing backwards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the function of capillaries?

<p>To exchange gases and nutrients between blood and cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

<p>Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carries oxygenated blood?

<p>Aorta (B), Pulmonary veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle tissue that makes up the heart walls?

<p>Myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the phase of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles contract?

<p>Ventricular systole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for a healthy heart rate?

<p>60-100 bpm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where the heart rate is less than 60 bpm?

<p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of blood?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that prevents blood from flowing back from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

<p>Mitral valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Double circulation

The two circulatory loops: pulmonary and systemic.

Pulmonary circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Systemic circulation

Distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Cardiac cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat: contraction and relaxation.

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Atrial systole

Phase where atria contract to push blood into ventricles.

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Ventricular systole

Phase where ventricles contract to push blood to lungs and body.

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Bradycardia

Slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute.

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Normal heart rate

The average heart rate range, 60 to 100 beats per minute.

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Plasma

The yellowish liquid component of blood, consisting of water, mineral salts, proteins, and waste.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs; they lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells that defend the body against infections; larger than red blood cells.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the organs, with thick and resistant walls.

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Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules, allowing exchange of gases and nutrients.

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Study Notes

Double Circulation

  • Two circuits: pulmonary (minor) and systemic (major)
  • Pulmonary (minor): Blood low in oxygen (rich in COâ‚‚) is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Exchange of gases (COâ‚‚ for Oâ‚‚) occurs in the alveoli. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
  • Systemic (major): Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta, distributing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues via capillaries. Deoxygenated blood, now carrying COâ‚‚ and waste, returns to the right atrium via the venae cavae.

The Heart and Cardiac Cycle

  • Heart Structure: The heart has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles). Myocardium (heart muscle) makes up the walls. A septum separates the left and right sides. Blood enters the right atrium via the venae cavae (COâ‚‚-rich).
  • Cardiac Cycle: The heart contracts (systole) and relaxes (diastole) rhythmically.
  • Phases:
    • Atrial systole: Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles.
    • Ventricular systole: Ventricles contract, pushing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
    • Atrial and ventricular diastole: Atria and ventricles relax, allowing blood to fill.
  • Heart Rate: Normal range: 60-100 bpm. Measured by taking pulse at radial artery. Bradycardia (<60 bpm) and Tachycardia (>100 bpm) are abnormal heart rates.
  • Valve Function: Problems with valve function can cause heart murmurs or arrhythmias.

Blood and Blood Vessels

  • Blood Composition: Viscous red fluid, consisting of:
    • Plasma (55%): Mostly water, salts, proteins, and waste.
    • Red blood cells (45%): Carry oxygen (via hemoglobin).
    • White blood cells (1%): Fight infection.
    • Platelets (1%): Important in blood clotting.
  • Blood Vessels:
    • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; thick walls withstand pressure.
    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; thin walls; contain valves to prevent backflow.
    • Capillaries: Microscopic vessels for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and cells; extremely thin walls.

Location and Function of Heart

  • Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
  • Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation and to the body for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells.

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