Cardiovascular System Overview

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

What is the role of the pulmonary circulation?

Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

What is the primary role of the atria?

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

During ventricular systole, what causes the atrioventricular (AV) valves to close?

Which event occurs during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the cardiac cycle?

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate?

According to the Frank-Starling Law, what happens to ventricular contraction force when venous return increases?

What is the influence of an increase in blood vessel radius on resistance and blood flow?

During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to favor active tissues. What helps enable this redistribution to active tissues?

What effect does endurance training have on resting heart rate?

Which of the following factors causes an increase in venous return?

What component makes up the highest percentage of blood plasma?

Which of the following best describes the role of autorhythmic cells within the heart?

What is the impact a chronic hypertension will have on cardiac wall thickness, and why is this considered detrimental for the heart?

Which statement accurately compares arterial and venous blood?

Which of the following explains why a trained swimmer might see a reduced increase in stroke volume (SV) compared to a runner?

Which is the correct order of blood passage through the heart?

What is the significance of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Which is the most accurate description of the events that occur during ventricular systole?

How does increased heart rate primarily impact stroke volume (SV)?

During exercise, vasodilation occurs in active muscles and vasoconstriction occurs in inactive tissues. What controls vasodilation in active muscles?

Which change in blood characteristics would significantly decrease resistance to blood flow during exercise?

In normotensive individuals, which of these responses would you expect to see during incremental aerobic exercise?

What adaptation in trained athletes leads to a greater stroke volume compared to untrained individuals?

What are the main mechanisms by which oxygen delivery to muscle is increased during exercise?

Following endurance training, what adaptations contribute to the increase in maximal cardiac output (Qmax)?

Which best describes why diastolic blood pressure (DBP) normally increases so little during aerobic exercise?

What is the primary contributor to the increased blood volume observed with endurance training?

A person's mean arterial pressure (MAP) is 93.2 mmHg. Their diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 80 mmHg. What is their systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

What hematocrit level is suggestive of anemia?

Aorta branches off to supply which sides of the heart?

Cardiac output is a product of which of the following variables?

Where do coronary veins drain following circulation?

What is the pericardium?

What does it mean if someone is experiencing tachycardia?

What is a potential solution for people who have arterial blockage?

Match the activity with where the majority of the blood is concentrated during exercise.

What changes following training can cause the heart to require more time to supply blood?

An untrained individual has a cardiac output of 22 L/Min. A trained individual has a cardiac output of 40 L/Min, which variable is responsible for the change?

In the cardiac slit cycle, what keeps blood from flowing back into the Venvtricles during ventricular diastole.

In the Cardiac Slit Cycle, if the atria are relaxing, what valves must be closed

Which of the following is the best definition of preload?

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between blood flow velocity and capillary cross-sectional area?

What is the primary significance of the one-way valves found in veins?

Which heart chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava?

Physical training, including both endurance and resistance training, typically results in which adaptation to the right ventricle?

During atrial diastole, which of the following is most accurate?

Why is it important for the AV node to delay the impulse it receives from the SA node by approximately 1/10th of a second?

What is the purpose of an active cool-down following exercise?

Respiratory pump affects venous return. How does the respiratory pump execute this function?

Which best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system stimulation on venous return, and where is this impact most effective?

If an individual's ejection fraction increases, what does this signify regarding ventricular function?

What effect does arteriolar dilation have on resistance and afterload?

During exercise, the body redistributes blood flow. What is the primary mechanism by which active skeletal muscles receive a greater proportion of cardiac output?

Which of the following best describes the extrinsic control of blood vessel diameter to inactive tissues?

Which local factors cause vasodilation in active skeletal muscles during exercise?

The formula for determining maximal oxygen consumption depends on 2 variables. Which of the following formulas is correct?

What best describes the change of cardiac output during submaximal exercise?

What best describes the change of heart rate during submaximal exercise?

What best describes the change of heart rate maximum exercise?

Following endurance training, how does stroke volume change relative to exercise intensity?

What are the primary factors that cause stroke volume to increase with exercise?

Endurance and resistance training increase which adaptations?

If a patient has a blood pressure of 180/120 mm Hg and a resting heart rate of 110 bpm, which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for the elevated blood pressure at rest?

Which of the following accurately describes how blood plasma volume adapts during exercise compared to adaptations due to training/ acclimatization to heat?

Venous return can occur through several mechanisms. Of the following list, which one is NOT one of the primary modes of venous return?

What best describes the role and purpose of pre-capillary sphincters?

Which statement accurately reflects the hematocrit values shown in the example?

Which chamber, as a result of training, requires a greater thickness so that the blood can pump to reach the body?

If the blood is traveling through the arteries of the heart, which one of the two scenarios listed is accurate?

All of the following are associated with increasing the stroke volume of the heart, except:

With a blood vessel constricted by blood is high in viscosity, what changes are happening within the blood?

What role does diastole have with the heart?

If high blood pressure is a health concern, which chamber will be most effective? Why?

If a person stands at attention for a long period, what impact is that having on their body?

Why is it important to have an active cool-down after a period of intense exercise?

Which equation is the most accurate in showcasing stroke volume and relating end volume?

Which has no effect on increasing stroke volume?

Following the SA Node, what is its next path?

An elite marathon runner is preparing for a competition at high altitude. How would their cardiovascular adaptations differ from an untrained individual at the same altitude?

Commotio Cordis has what effect on the heart?

What is the primary benefit of the one-way direction of blood flow enforced by the heart valve?

Which heart valves are responsible for preventing backflow into the ventricles?

What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node?

What is the correct sequence of the electrical impulse pathway in the heart?

Which of the following changes would result from parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Which of the following is associated with increased sympathetic activity?

According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, what directly influences the force of ventricular contraction?

During strenuous exercise, how does afterload typically change and why?

What is the most significant factor affecting blood flow?

Which adaptation would you expect to see in an individual who has acclimatized to heat through regular exercise?

When soldiers are required to stand at attention for long periods, what physiological mechanism puts them at risk of fainting?

Which of the following is the primary reason for performing an active cool-down after exercise?

What primarily triggers vasodilation in active skeletal muscles during exercise?

What changes occur in blood volume during acute exercise, and what is the primary cause?

Which adaptation leads to a higher maximal cardiac output ($Q_{max}$) in endurance-trained athletes?

How does endurance training affect resting blood pressure, and what vascular adaptation contributes to this change?

An individual has a arterial-venous oxygen difference of 5 mL $O_2$/100 mL of blood at rest and 15 mL $O_2$/100 mL of blood during maximal exercise. What is this an indication of?

What factors cause the increase in stroke volume with exercise?

Given that $\text{cardiac output} = \text{stroke volume} \times \text{heart rate}$ if two people have the same cardiac output (Q), but One person is untrained and the other is trained but they have the same Q, what does the tell us about their stroke volumes (SV) and heart rates (HR)?

Why might high blood pressure be a significant health concern in the context of ventricular systole, even if the ventricle can still push blood out with more pressure?

What is the likely mechanism by which commotio cordis exerts its deleterious effect on the heart?