Cardiovascular System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the bundle branches in the heart?

  • To provide oxygen to the heart muscle
  • To facilitate the exchange of materials in capillaries
  • To transport blood from the left ventricle
  • To conduct electrical impulses along the interventricular septum (correct)

    • Which term describes the relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle?

  • Diastole (correct)
  • Depolarization
  • Systole
  • Electrocardiography

    • What does an ECG specifically evaluate?

  • The dynamics of blood flow in capillaries
  • The pressure exerted by blood against vessel walls
  • The contraction strength of the heart muscle
  • The electrical activity of the heart (correct)

    • Which layer of the heart is the thin membrane lining the chambers and covering the valves?

    <p>Endocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is heart rate typically measured?

    <p>As beats per minute (bpm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the root 'Atri/o' refer to?

    <p>Atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a surgical incision of the atrium?

    <p>Atriotomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the root 'Vas/o' signify?

    <p>Vessel, duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'venous'?

    <p>Pertaining to a vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term means a sudden contraction of a blood vessel?

    <p>Vasospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Phleb/o' relate to?

    <p>Vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the root 'Arter/o'?

    <p>Artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the downward displacement of the aorta?

    <p>Aortoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a harsh, high-pitched sound due to upper airway obstruction?

    <p>Stridor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves the surgical puncture of the chest to remove air or fluids?

    <p>Thoracentesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a spirometer?

    <p>To assess the lung's ventilation capacities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the root 'Pneumon/o' refer to?

    <p>The lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a tuberculin test detect?

    <p>Tuberculosis infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves partial excision of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Phrenicectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulse oximetry measure?

    <p>Oxygen saturation of arterial blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'pleurodesis' refer to?

    <p>Fusion of the pleura (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are arterial blood gases (ABGs) primarily used to assess?

    <p>Acid-base balance in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormal chest sound is primarily audible during expiration?

    <p>Rhonchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by abnormal acidity of body fluids?

    <p>Acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a bronchoscope?

    <p>To examine and access tracheobronchial passageways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'pneumothorax' indicates which of the following?

    <p>Presence of air in the thorax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Abnormally low carbon dioxide levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the accidental inhalation of food or foreign material into the lungs?

    <p>Aspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can result from which of the following?

    <p>Pneumonia (A), Pulmonary edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor?

    <p>Lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of beta-adrenergic blocking agents?

    <p>Decrease the rate and strength of heart contractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used specifically to increase urine output by eliminating fluids?

    <p>Diuretic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is nitroglycerin used for?

    <p>To dilate coronary vessels in angina treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs is known for lowering serum cholesterol and typically ends with -statin?

    <p>Hypolipidemic agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an antiarrhythmic agent used intravenously?

    <p>Lidocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for a calcium-channel blocker?

    <p>Regulates calcium entrance into cells affecting heart contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Streptokinase in medical treatment?

    <p>To dissolve blood clots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interferons in the body?

    <p>To protect against viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do IgG antibodies play in the immune system?

    <p>They activate complement and can cross the placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the role of the complement system?

    <p>Inactivated proteins that help destroy foreign substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do alveoli serve in the human respiratory system?

    <p>They facilitate gas exchange between air and blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is primarily responsible for combating intracellular infections?

    <p>Cell mediated immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the respiratory system is classified as the smallest subdivision of the bronchial tubes?

    <p>Bronchiole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IgM antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>To serve as receptors on B cells for antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is lymphoid tissue known as adenoids primarily located?

    <p>In the nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Heart

    A muscular organ that pumps blood.

    Cardiovascular system

    The system made up of the heart and blood vessels.

    Blood pressure

    The force of blood against blood vessel walls.

    Capillary

    A tiny blood vessel for material exchange with tissues.

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    Bundle branches

    Branches that spread the electrical impulse to the heart's chambers.

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    cardiomyopathy

    Disease of the heart muscle

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    atriotomy

    Surgical cut in the atrium

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    supraventricular

    Above the ventricle

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    angiography

    Imaging of blood vessels

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    valvulotome

    Tool to cut a valve

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    vasospasm

    Sudden vessel contraction

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    endarterial

    Within an artery

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    aortoptosis

    Downward aorta shift

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    ACE inhibitor

    Lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II.

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    Antiarrhythmic agent

    Controls heart rate and rhythm.

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    Beta-blocker

    Slows heart rate and strength.

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    Calcium-channel blocker

    Controls heart contraction by regulating calcium.

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    Diuretic

    Increases urine output, lowering blood volume.

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    Hypolipidemic agent

    Lowers serum cholesterol.

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    Streptokinase

    Dissolves blood clots.

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    Phren/o

    Refers to the diaphragm, a muscle that helps with breathing.

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    Pulm/o, pulmon/o

    Means 'lung.'

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    Pneumon/o

    Means 'lung.'

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    Pneum/o

    Refers to air or gas, and can also indicate breathing or the lungs.

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    Spir/o

    Means 'breathing.'

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    Acidosis

    A condition where body fluids become too acidic. In respiratory acidosis, this is caused by too much carbon dioxide.

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    Alkalosis

    A condition where body fluids become too alkaline (basic). In respiratory alkalosis, this is caused by too little carbon dioxide.

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    Aspiration

    When something like food or liquid accidentally enters the lungs instead of the stomach.

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    Interferons

    Proteins that protect the body from viral infections by interfering with the virus's ability to replicate.

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    Complement System

    A group of proteins circulating in the blood that work together to destroy foreign substances and pathogens.

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    Body Mediated Immunity

    Immunity against extracellular threats like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It involves antibodies produced by B cells.

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    Cell Mediated Immunity

    Immunity against intracellular threats like viruses and some bacteria. It primarily involves T cells.

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    IgG

    The most common antibody in the blood. It can cross the placenta to protect the fetus, activate complement, and increase phagocytosis.

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    IgA

    Found in secretions like saliva, tears, and mucus membranes. It protects against infections at the entry points of the body.

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    IgM

    The first antibody produced during an immune response. It's also responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system.

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    Adenoids

    Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils.

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    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the bloodstream.

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    Bronchiole

    A small branch of the airway in the lungs.

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    Bronchus

    A large airway in the lungs. There are two main bronchi, one for each lung.

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    Rhonchi

    Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus).

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    Stridor

    A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway.

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    Wheeze

    A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway.

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    Arterial blood gasses (ABGs)

    The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2, or PACO2. These measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance.

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    Bronchoscope

    An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for tissue biopsy or removal of a foreign object.

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    Lung scan

    Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotopes in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. A perfusion Scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan.

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    Pulse oximetry

    Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear reported as SpO2, in percent.

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    Pulmonary function test

    Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry.

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    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System

    • The cardiovascular system is the transport system of the body, comprising the heart and blood vessels.
    • It delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells and removes waste products.
    • The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
    • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
    • Arterioles carry blood from arteries to capillaries.
    • Capillaries are microscopic vessels where materials are exchanged between blood and tissues.
    • Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
    • Valves prevent backflow of blood.

    Cardiovascular Terms

    • Aorta: The largest artery, receiving blood from the left ventricle and branching to all parts of the body.
    • Aortic valve: The valve at the entrance of the aorta.
    • Apex: The pointed end of the heart.
    • Artery: A vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
    • Ateriole: A small vessel carrying blood from arteries to capillaries.
    • Antrioventricular (AV) node: A small mass initiating impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node to the ventricles.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) valve: A valve between the atrium and ventricle on both sides of the heart (tricuspid on the right, mitral on the left).
    • Atrium: An entrance chamber in the heart, receiving blood.
    • AV bundle: A band of fibres transmitting impulses from the AV node.
    • Blood pressure: Force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
    • Bundle branches: Branches of the AV bundle.
    • Capillary: A microscopic vessel enabling material exchange between blood and tissues.
    • Heart: A muscular organ rhythmically contracting to pump blood (root: cardi/o).
    • Heart rate: The number of heart contractions per minute (bpm).
    • Inferior vena cava: A large vein returning deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
    • Left AV valve: A valve between the left atrium and left ventricle (mitral or bicuspid valve).

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system is a subsystem of the circulatory system.
    • Consisting of vessels, tissues, and organs, it maintains fluid balance in the body.
    • It collects excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and deposits them in the bloodstream.
    • It defends the body against infection by providing disease-fighting cells (lymphocytes).

    Lymphatic Terms

    • Appendix: A small, finger-like mass of lymphoid tissue connected to the large intestine.
    • Lymph: A plasma-like fluid draining from tissues and transported in lymphatic vessels.
    • Lymph node: A mass of lymphoid tissue filtering lymph along lymphatic vessels.
    • Lymphatic system: The system draining fluids and proteins from tissues to the bloodstream, aiding in immunity and fat absorption.
    • Peyer patches: Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine.
    • Right Lymphatic Duct: Drains fluid from the upper right side of the body.
    • Spleen: A large organ in the upper left of the abdomen, filtering blood and destroying old red blood cells. -Thoracic duct: Drains fluid from the rest of the body.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
    • The primary organ is the lungs.
    • It carries out gaseous exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

    Respiratory Terms

    • Bronchiole: A smaller subdivision of bronchial tubes.
    • Bronchus: One of the larger air passages (singular: bronchus).
    • Carbon dioxide: A gas produced by cell metabolism, expelled by the lungs.
    • Carbonic acid: An acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
    • Compliance: Ease of lung expansion under pressure.
    • Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle below the lungs (necessary for breathing).
    • Epiglottis: Leaf-shaped cartilage covering the larynx during swallowing.
    • Expectorant: Coughing up material from the respiratory tract.
    • Expiration: Expelling air from the lungs.
    • Glottis: The opening between the vocal cords.
    • Hemoglobin: Iron-containing protein in red blood cells transporting oxygen.
    • Inspiration: Breathing air into the lungs.
    • Larynx: The upper part of the trachea containing the vocal cords.
    • Lungs: The cone-shaped organs in the thorax.
    • Mediastinum: The space between lungs.
    • Nose: The breathing organ, housing receptors for smell.
    • Oxygen: A gas necessary for cellular respiration, taken in by the lungs.
    • Palatine tonsils: Masses of lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx.
    • Pharynx: The throat; carries air and food.
    • Phrenic nerve: A nerve activating the diaphragm.
    • Pleura: Double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.
    • Pleural space: Fluid-filled area between pleural membranes.
    • Pulmonary ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
    • Sinus: A hollow cavity or channel.
    • Sputum: Material expelled by coughing or clearing the throat.
    • Surfactant: Substance in alveoli decreasing surface tension, facilitating expansion.
    • Trachea: The air passage connecting the larynx to the bronchi.

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    Dive into the essentials of the cardiovascular system, including its components like the heart, arteries, and veins. Understand how blood circulates through the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. This quiz will test your knowledge of key terms and functions related to this vital bodily system.

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