Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  • To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products (correct)
  • To maintain water and electrolyte balance
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To protect the body from infection

    • Which type of blood vessel is responsible for transporting blood away from the heart?

  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Arteries (correct)
  • Capillaries

    • What is the main function of the elastic tissue in the wall of an artery?

  • To provide support and strength to the artery
  • To regulate the flow of blood through the artery
  • To allow the artery to expand and absorb the pressure of blood entering from the heart (correct)
  • To filter out waste products from the blood

    • How do arterioles differ from larger arteries?

    <p>Arterioles have a middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cardiovascular system in regulating the body's homeostasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Regulation of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the connective tissue layer in the wall of an artery?

    <p>To provide support and strength to the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between arteries and veins in terms of the blood they transport?

    <p>Arteries transport blood away from the heart, while veins transport blood towards the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel is responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three additional factors that play a role in returning venous blood to the heart?

    <p>Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and valves in veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is often referred to as the 'silent killer'?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of white blood cells in blood defense?

    <p>Produce and secrete antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of platelets in blood clotting?

    <p>Form blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood helps in maintaining the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Chemical buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Atherosclerosis' is a disorder related to which part of the blood vessels?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Osmotic pressure' in blood helps in regulating what aspect of the body?

    <p>Water-salt balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the formed elements present in blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of anemia?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is necessary for the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?

    <p>Lack of nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies produced by certain white blood cells?

    <p>Destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition does the rate of red blood cell destruction increase?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are white blood cells derived from?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of white blood cells in the body?

    <p>Fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when white blood cells perform phagocytosis?

    <p>They engulf pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Granular leukocytes' and 'agranular leukocytes' are classifications of which type of cells?

    <p>'White' blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to SA and AV nodal activity during exercise or stress situations?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones stimulate the heart during exercise?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall felt as a pulse?

    <p>Surge of blood entering the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest arterial pressure called?

    <p>Systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which artery is blood pressure usually measured using a sphygmomanometer?

    <p>Brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered normal resting blood pressure for a young adult?

    <p>$120/80$ mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is high blood pressure called?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is low blood pressure called?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of granular leukocytes mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between granular and agranular leukocytes mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Granular leukocytes have lobular nuclei, while agranular leukocytes have nonlobular nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when leukocytes move through the walls of blood vessels?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets (thrombocytes) mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To participate in the blood clotting process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of platelet production mentioned in the passage?

    <p>200 billion per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of normal platelet count mentioned in the passage?

    <p>130,000 to 400,000 platelets per microliter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for a deficiency in platelet production or increased breakdown of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemophilia is more likely to occur in boys than girls?

    <p>Hemophilia A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 13 different clotting factors, calcium ions, and enzymes mentioned in the passage?

    <p>To participate in the process of blood clotting and coagulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels

    • The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which pumps blood, and blood vessels that transport blood to and from the tissues.
    • The system has three main functions: transport, protection, and regulation.

    Functions of the Cardiovascular System

    • Transport: transports oxygen to the cells of the body, removes carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism, and transports nutrients from the digestive system and hormones from the endocrine system to the cells of the body.
    • Protection: transports the cells of the immune system to help protect the body from infection.
    • Regulation: participates in the homeostasis of a variety of the body's conditions, including temperature, pH balance, and water and electrolyte levels.

    The Types of Blood Vessels

    • The cardiovascular system consists of three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.

    The Arteries

    • Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart.
    • The structure of an artery is well suited for the transport of blood leaving the heart under pressure.
    • The arterial wall has three layers: endothelium, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and elastic tissue.
    • The strong walls of an artery give it support when blood enters under pressure; the elastic tissue allows an artery to expand to absorb the pressure.

    Arterioles

    • Arterioles are small arteries that are barely visible to the naked eye.
    • The middle layer of arterioles has some elastic tissue, but it is composed mostly of smooth muscle.

    Blood Flow in Veins

    • Blood pressure plays only a small role in returning venous blood to the heart, called venous return.
    • Venous return is dependent on three additional factors: the skeletal muscle pump, the respiratory pump, and valves in veins.

    Disorders of the Blood Vessels

    • Hypertension: occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal, with a systolic blood pressure of 130 or greater or a diastolic blood pressure of 80 or greater.
    • Atherosclerosis: a condition where the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque.
    • Aneurysm: a condition where a blood vessel bursts or ruptures.

    Functions of Blood

    • Transport: oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products of metabolism.
    • Defense: white blood cells produce and secrete antibodies to fight infection.
    • Regulation: blood plays an important role in regulating the body's homeostasis, including temperature, pH balance, and water and electrolyte levels.

    Composition of Blood

    • Blood is a form of liquid connective tissue.
    • Cell fragments are suspended in a liquid called plasma.
    • The formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    Disorders Involving Red Blood Cells

    • Anemia: a condition where there is an insufficient number of red blood cells or the cells do not have enough hemoglobin.
    • Iron-deficiency anemia: the most common form of anemia.
    • Hemolytic anemia: a condition where the rate of red blood cell destruction increases.
    • Sickle-cell disease: a hereditary condition where the individual has sickle-shaped red blood cells.

    White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease

    • White blood cells (leukocytes) differ from red blood cells in that they are usually larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are translucent unless stained.
    • White blood cells fight infection and are an important part of the immune system.
    • White blood cells fight infection in various ways, including phagocytosis and producing antibodies.

    Types of White Blood Cells

    • Granular leukocytes: include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
    • Agranular leukocytes: include lymphocytes and monocytes.

    Platelets and Blood Clotting

    • Platelets (thrombocytes) result from the fragmentation of large cells, called megakaryocytes, in the red bone marrow.
    • Platelets are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation.
    • Blood clotting helps the body maintain homeostasis in the cardiovascular system by ensuring that the plasma and formed elements remain within the blood vessels.
    • Thrombocytopenia: a condition where there is a low platelet count due to either low platelet production in bone marrow or an increased breakdown of platelets outside the marrow.
    • Hemophilia: an inherited clotting disorder that causes a deficiency in a clotting factor.

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    Description

    Explore the functions of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the heart and blood vessels. Learn how this system transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing waste products from the body. Understand the role of the cardiovascular system in protecting immune cells.

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