Cardiovascular System Functions and Structures
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Questions and Answers

Which substance is NOT transported by the cardiovascular system?

  • Carbon monoxide (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Antibodies
  • Oxygen

    • The systemic circuit supplies deoxygenated blood to all body tissues.

    False

    What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

    Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and immune substances.

    The _____ circuit is responsible for picking up oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.

    <p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood vessels with their function:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Exchange of materials between blood and tissues Lymphatic vessels = Transport lymph and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle of the heart has thicker walls?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle?

    <p>It needs to pump blood to the entire body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins carry blood away from the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines blood vessels?

    <p>simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ help blood flow back towards the heart through one-way flow.

    <p>valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the circulatory system is primarily responsible for exchanging gases and nutrients?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arteries with their functions:

    <p>Ascending aorta = Supplies blood to the heart and body Brachiocephalic trunk = Supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck Celiac trunk = Supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and spleen Common carotid = Supplies blood to the head and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ pump aids blood flow back to the heart during inhalation.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valves in peripheral veins help to ensure unidirectional blood flow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one organ supplied by the splenic artery.

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the ______ to the liver.

    <p>gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the fetal structures with their adult counterparts:

    <p>Umbilical artery = Medial umbilical ligament Umbilical vein = Ligamentum teres hepatis Ductus venosus = Ligamentum venosum Foramen ovale = Fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the brain and the eyes?

    <p>Internal carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal artery supplies blood to the spleen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

    <p>To connect the pulmonary trunk to the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Valves in the veins are typically visible in standard cross-sectional histology slides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the common iliac artery?

    <p>To supply blood to the lower limbs and pelvic organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the flow of venous blood back to the heart?

    <p>Muscle pump, valves, and respiratory pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ artery supplies blood to the medial side of the forearm and the hand.

    <p>Ulnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arteries with their main area supplied:

    <p>Axillary artery = Shoulder and upper limb Femoral artery = Thigh and knee Basilar artery = Brainstem and cerebellum Radial artery = Lateral side of forearm and hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is a continuation of the common carotid artery?

    <p>Internal carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The popliteal artery is found in the region behind the knee.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the splenic artery?

    <p>To supply blood to the spleen, pancreas, and part of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ artery is responsible for supplying blood to the frontal lobe and parts of the sensory cortices.

    <p>Anterior cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains deoxygenated blood from the lower body into the right atrium of the heart?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The splenic vein carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal vein?

    <p>Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ vein is the longest vein in the body.

    <p>great saphenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following veins with their descriptions:

    <p>Brachial = Drains blood from the upper arm and forearm. Cephalic = Drains blood from the lateral forearm. Basilic = Drains blood from the medial forearm. Popliteal = Located behind the knee and drains lower leg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hepatic portal vein do?

    <p>Carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common iliac vein is formed by the union of the internal iliac and external iliac veins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the subclavian vein?

    <p>Drains blood from the upper limb and part of the neck and chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____________ vein runs alongside the radial artery.

    <p>radial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains the brain and neck?

    <p>Internal jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Functions

    • Four major functions of the cardiovascular system: Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, heat, hormones, white blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.
    • Substances transported: nutrients (glucose, amino acids) from gastrointestinal tract to body cells, hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues, waste products (urea, creatine) from various organs to kidneys and other organs, oxygen & nutrients to muscles & organs, and lymphatic cells/immune substances to infection/inflammation sites.

    Heart Structures

    • The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater pressure.

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, branching into progressively smaller vessels (arterioles, capillaries).
    • Capillaries have thin walls for gas, nutrient, and waste diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid.
    • Venues and veins collect blood from capillaries and return it to the heart.
    • Venous return is aided by:
      • Valves: Preventing backflow in veins.
      • Skeletal muscle pump: Muscle contractions help move blood.
      • Respiratory pump: Breathing helps move blood.

    Arteries and Veins Microscopic Comparison

    • Arteries have thicker walls of smooth muscle than veins to withstand high pressure. This elasticity regulates blood flow and maintains blood pressure via constriction/dilation.
    • Veins are larger in diameter, appear collapsed or irregular, and have thinner walls.
    • Capillaries are narrow, allowing red blood cells to pass through in single file.
    • Blood vessels are lined with simple squamous epithelium.

    Major Arteries

    • Ascending aorta: Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart (coronary arteries) and the body.
    • Aortic arch: Branches into major vessels supplying the head, neck, and upper limbs.
    • Descending aorta (thoracic and abdominal): Supplies blood to the thoracic and abdominal regions, including organs and tissues
    • Brachiocephalic trunk: Supplies blood to the right side of the head, neck and right arm
    • Common carotid: Supplies blood to the head and neck.
    • Celiac trunk: Supplies blood to the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, and intestines.
    • Common hepatic: Supplies blood to the liver, gallbladder, and parts of the stomach and intestines.
    • Splenic: Supplies blood to the spleen, pancreas, and part of the stomach.
    • Renal: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.
    • Common iliac: Supplies blood to the lower limbs and pelvic regions.
    • External/Internal carotid: Supplies blood to the face, scalp, neck, ears, and muscles of mastication; brain, eyes and orbit respectively.
    • Vertebral: Supplies blood to the cervical spine, brainstem, and posterior brain.
    • Basilar: Supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebral hemispheres.
    • Cerebral arterial circle: Provides redundant blood supply to the brain, protecting against potential ischema and maintaining blood flow.
    • Subclavian: Supplies the upper limbs, neck, brain, and part of the thoracic wall
    • Axillary: Supplies the shoulder, axilla, and upper limb.
    • Brachial: Supplies the upper arm, elbow joint, and forearm.
    • Ulnar: Supplies the medial side of the forearm and hand.
    • Radial: Supplies the lateral side of the forearm, wrist and hand.
    • External & Internal iliac: Supplies blood to the lower limbs and pelvic regions respectively.
    • Femoral: Supplies the thigh, knee, hip joint.
    • Popliteal: Supplies the knee joint, muscles of the knee and lower leg.

    Major Veins

    • Superior vena cava: Drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body.

    • Brachiocephalic: Drains blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs.

    • Internal jugular: Drains blood from the brain, face, neck.

    • External jugular: Drains blood from the face, scalp, neck.

    • Inferior vena cava: Drains deoxygenated blood from the lower body.

    • Renal: Drains the kidneys.

    • Splenic: Drains the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.

    • Hepatic: Drains the liver.

    • Hepatic portal: Carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

    • Subclavian: Drains blood from the upper limb, neck, and chest.

    • Axillary: Drains blood from the upper limb, shoulder, chest, and arm.

    • Cephalic: Drains blood from the lateral forearm and hand.

    • Brachial: Drains blood from the upper arm, elbow, and forearm.

    • Basilic: Drains blood from the medial forearm, upper arm, and hand.

    • Ulnar: Drains blood from the medial forearm and hand.

    • Radial: Drains blood from the lateral forearm, thumb, and hand.

    • Common iliac: Drains blood from the lower limbs and pelvic regions

    • External iliac: Drains blood from the lower limbs, anterior abdominal wall.

    • Internal iliac: Drains blood from pelvic organs, gluteal region.

    • Femoral: Drains blood from the thigh, kneee, lower leg.

    • Great saphenous: Drain blood from the superficial structures of the lower leg and foot

    • **Popliteal:**Drain blood from the knee joint, muscles of the knee, and lower leg.

    Cerebral Arterial Circle

    • Redundant blood supply to the brain; prevents ischemia.

    Hepatic Portal System

    • Carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver for nutrient processing and detoxification.

    Fetal Circulation

    • Placenta: Facilitates gas and nutrient exchange between mother and fetus (no adult equivalent).
    • Umbilical arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta.
    • Umbilical vein: Carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta.
    • Ductus venosus: Shunts blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, bypassing fetal liver.
    • Foramen ovale: Shunts oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium, bypassing lungs (fossa ovalis in adult).
    • Ductus arteriosus: Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs (ligamentum arteriosum in adult).
    • Fetal structures degenerate after birth.

    Lymphatic System

    • Three main functions:

      • Fluid balance
      • Immune defense
      • Nutrient absorption (fats/fat-soluble vitamins)

    • Lymph formation: Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries.

    • Lymph return: Enters lymphatic vessels, filtered by lymph nodes (phagocytes destroy pathogens), and returns to blood via subclavian veins.

    • Lymphatic organs/tissues: Thymus (T cell maturation), spleen (filters blood), lymph nodes (filter lymph, immune response), tonsils (trap pathogens), aggregated lymphatic follicles in intestines (immune surveillance), appendix (immune surveillance of gut flora), bone marrow (blood cell production including lymphocytes)

    • Lymphatic vessels and ducts: Collect interstitial fluid and return it to the blood (thinner walled and more valves than veins)

    • Edema: Swelling due to fluid accumulation in tissues.

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    Description

    Explore the essential functions and structures of the cardiovascular system in this quiz. Learn about the transportation roles, heart anatomy, and blood vessel types critical for maintaining body health. Test your understanding of how nutrients and gases are exchanged within this intricate system.

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