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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the cardiovascular system?
The systemic circuit is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to all body tissues.
The systemic circuit is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to all body tissues.
True
What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation
The ___________ carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
The ___________ carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
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Match the following structures with their function:
Match the following structures with their function:
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Why do arteries have thicker muscle layers compared to veins?
Why do arteries have thicker muscle layers compared to veins?
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Veins return blood to the heart solely by the action of gravity.
Veins return blood to the heart solely by the action of gravity.
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Which artery supplies blood to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal?
Which artery supplies blood to the kidneys for filtration and waste removal?
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What type of epithelium lines blood vessels?
What type of epithelium lines blood vessels?
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The _____ supplies blood to the abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, and intestines.
The _____ supplies blood to the abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, and intestines.
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The basilar artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe, inferior temporal lobe, and brainstem.
The basilar artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe, inferior temporal lobe, and brainstem.
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Match the artery with its function:
Match the artery with its function:
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What is the primary function of the external iliac artery?
What is the primary function of the external iliac artery?
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The ___________ artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain.
The ___________ artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain.
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Match the following arteries with their area or organ supplied:
Match the following arteries with their area or organ supplied:
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Which vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the brain, face, neck, and parts of the throat?
Which vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the brain, face, neck, and parts of the throat?
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The great saphenous vein is the shortest vein in the body.
The great saphenous vein is the shortest vein in the body.
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What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
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The ___________ vein drains blood from the kidneys after filtration and carries it to the inferior vena cava.
The ___________ vein drains blood from the kidneys after filtration and carries it to the inferior vena cava.
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Match the following veins with their primary function:
Match the following veins with their primary function:
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Functions
- Four major functions of the cardiovascular system: transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, heat, hormones, white blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.
- Systemic circuit: supplies oxygenated blood to all body tissues.
- Pulmonary circuit: picks up oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as blood passes through.
Blood Flow Through Circuits
- Blood flows from the heart to the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and then back to the heart.
- Blood flows from the heart to the body (systemic circuit) and then back to the heart.
Arteries and Veins Identification
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry blood toward the heart.
- Arteries have thicker muscle layers in their walls to withstand higher pressure than veins.
- Veins have valves to prevent backflow.
- Blood pressure decreases as blood moves further from the heart.
Microscopic Arteries and Veins
- Arteries have a smaller lumen compared to veins.
- Veins often appear irregular or collapsed in cross-section.
- Capillaries are extremely thin-walled, allowing for gas and nutrient exchange with interstitial fluid.
- Blood vessels are lined with simple squamous epithelium.
Major Arteries and Veins
- Arteries are named based on location or region supplied.
- Examples: ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, celiac trunk, external carotid, internal carotid, femoral artery, subclavian, external iliac, internal iliac, brachial, radial, ulnar.
- Veins return blood to the heart and are named similarly.
- Examples: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, brachiocephalic vein, common iliac vein, renal vein, hepatic portal vein.
Unique Circulations
- Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis): provides redundant blood supply to the brain.
- Hepatic portal system: carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing.
Fetal Circulation
- Fetal systems like the lungs and digestive system are non-functional.
- Gas and nutrient exchange occurs via the placenta.
- Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta.
- Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the fetus.
- Ductus venosus shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
- Foramen ovale allows blood to bypass the lungs by flowing directly from the right atrium to the left atrium.
- Ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
- After birth, these shunts close, with structures transforming into adult versions.
Lymphatic System Functions
- Three main functions: fluid balance, immune defense, and nutrient absorption.
Lymph Formation and Return
- Lymph is formed from excess interstitial fluid.
- Lymph is returned to the blood through lymphatic vessels and ducts.
- One-way valves in lymphatic vessels are essential for unidirectional flow.
- Lymph nodes and vessels filter lymph and trap pathogens and debris.
Lymph Organs and Locations
- Lymph organs and tissues include: thymus, spleen, tonsils (palatine, lingual, pharyngeal), lymphatic nodules, aggregated lymphatic follicles, and bone marrow.
- Thymus: T-cell maturation.
- Spleen: filters blood, stores platelets.
- Tonsils: trap pathogens.
- Lymphatic nodules/MALT: immune surveillance in digestive and respiratory tracts.
- Bone marrow: blood cell production, including lymphocytes.
Lymph Node Structures
- Lymph nodes are located along lymphatic vessels.
- Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages that filter lymph.
- Lymph nodes have a cortex and medulla, with specialized areas for B and T cell proliferation.
Edema
- Edema is swelling caused by excess interstitial fluid.
Lymph Movement
- Three mechanisms for lymph movement: muscle pump, respiratory pump, and one-way valves.
Lymph Return to Blood
- Lymph returns to the cardiovascular system through the right lymphatic duct (right side of the body) or the thoracic duct (left side and lower body).
- Lymph enters the bloodstream at the subclavian veins.
Lymphatic Vessel Differences
- Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls compared to blood vessels (veins).
- More valves are present in lymphatic vessels than in veins.
Hemopoiesis
- Hemopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during fetal development, then the liver/spleen and finally the bone marrow.
- In adults, hemopoiesis primarily occurs in red bone marrow.
Lymph Nodule Abundance
- Extensive lymph nodules in respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts facilitate immune surveillance at pathogen entry points.
Plasma, Serum, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph
- Plasma: Blood's liquid portion with clotting factors.
- Serum: Plasma without clotting factors.
- Interstitial fluid: Fluid surrounding cells, similar to plasma but lacking proteins.
- Lymph: Circulates through lymphatic system, removing interstitial fluid and waste.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions of the cardiovascular system, including the transportation of various substances and the differences between arteries and veins. It also explains the blood flow through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. Test your knowledge on how blood circulates and the structural differences in blood vessels.
