Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
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Questions and Answers

A blockage in the coronary arteries can lead to which of the following?

  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Myocardial infarction (correct)

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structural difference between the ventricles of the heart?

  • Both ventricles have equally thick walls to ensure simultaneous contraction.
  • The thickness of the ventricle walls is determined by the individual's activity level.
  • The right ventricle has thicker walls to pump blood to pulmonary circulation.
  • The left ventricle has thicker walls to pump blood to systemic circulation. (correct)

What is the primary function of the pericardium and the pericardial fluid that it secretes?

  • To reduce friction during heartbeats and protect the heart. (correct)
  • To provide structural support to the heart and prevent overexpansion.
  • To regulate the heart's electrical activity.
  • To supply nutrients directly to the myocardium.

Which of the following describes the role of chordae tendineae?

<p>They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting during ventricular contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a malfunctioning bicuspid valve, which of the following consequences is most likely to occur?

<p>Blood leaks from the left ventricle into the left atrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force that drives fluid out of capillaries at the arterial end?

<p>Blood pressure exerted against the capillary walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of blood typically remain inside the capillaries during fluid exchange?

<p>Plasma proteins and blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hypertension often referred to as a 'silent killer'?

<p>Because it typically does not present noticeable symptoms until complications arise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does atherosclerosis contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders?

<p>By narrowing blood vessels and promoting clot formation, impeding blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiences sudden numbness in their left arm, difficulty speaking, and blurred vision in one eye. Which condition is MOST likely indicated by these symptoms?

<p>Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a thrombus and an embolus in the context of cardiovascular disease?

<p>A thrombus is a stationary clot, whereas an embolus is a detached, mobile clot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms describes how tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) works to treat thromboembolism?

<p>It converts plasminogen to plasmin, which then dissolves blood clots. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a severely clogged coronary artery. If gene therapy is chosen as the treatment, what is the primary goal of this approach?

<p>To inject a gene that promotes the formation of new blood vessels around the blockage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiencing chest pain due to a partially blocked coronary artery might be diagnosed with which of the following conditions?

<p>Angina pectoris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with severe heart failure is not a candidate for a heart transplant. Which of the following treatments could serve as a temporary solution to support heart function?

<p>Total artificial heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the cardiovascular system and other organ systems in the body?

<p>The cardiovascular system functions in coordination with other systems to maintain homeostasis and facilitate the exchange of materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the lymphatic system assist the cardiovascular system?

<p>By collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it to the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of an artery is primarily responsible for its ability to expand and recoil, and what are the key components of this layer?

<p>The middle layer, composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow within capillary beds?

<p>They can contract to redirect blood flow through an arteriovenous shunt, bypassing the capillary bed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an arteriole constricts, what is the likely effect on blood flow and blood pressure in the immediate downstream capillary bed?

<p>Decreased blood flow and decreased blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Filtering air to remove particulate matter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exchange of substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues occurs through which medium?

<p>Interstitial fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is characterized by walls consisting of only a single layer of endothelium, facilitating efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste?

<p>Capillaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the semilunar valves closed?

<p>Ventricular diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the first heart sound ('lub')?

<p>Closing of the AV valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the AV node were damaged, what would be the most likely result?

<p>The ventricles would contract at a slower rate than normal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?

<p>T wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological event leads to the surge of blood that we perceive as a pulse?

<p>Contraction of the ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A doctor detects a swishing sound in a patient's heart. What condition is MOST likely causing this?

<p>Leaky heart valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart's internal conduction system is known as the pacemaker?

<p>SA node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient's blood pressure reading is consistently around 90/50 mmHg. Which condition does this reading indicate, and what potential physiological effect might it have?

<p>Hypotension; reduced blood flow to vital organs due to low arterial pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is slow blood flow in capillaries essential for their function?

<p>To prolong the time available for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which blood returns to the heart through veins, considering the low blood pressure in these vessels?

<p>Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and one-way valves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit?

<p>Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following oxygenation in the lungs, what is the pathway of blood flow through the systemic circuit?

<p>Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → tissue capillaries → venules → vena cava → right atrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical systemic circuit pathway, blood flows from the aorta to an organ and then back to the vena cava. What is the correct sequence of blood vessels in this pathway for the kidney?

<p>Aorta → renal artery → kidney → renal vein → inferior vena cava. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role does the hepatic portal system play that differs from the typical systemic circulation?

<p>It carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the liver is damaged and unable to perform its functions effectively, which of the following consequences is most likely to occur?

<p>Build-up of toxins in the blood because the liver cannot filter them effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Venules

Small veins that receive blood from the capillaries.

Myocardium

Muscle tissue that makes up the heart, primarily composed of cardiac muscle.

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Valves located between atria and ventricles, reinforced by chordae tendineae.

Coronary Arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the myocardium and are the first branches of the aorta.

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Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events during which the heart contracts and relaxes, including contraction of atria, then ventricles.

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Cardiovascular system

System comprising the heart and blood vessels that transports blood and nutrients.

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Functions of the Cardiovascular system

Transports oxygen, CO2, wastes, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells; helps maintain homeostasis.

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Gas exchange

Process where blood drops off CO2 and picks up O2 in the lungs, aided by the respiratory system.

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Nutrient exchange

Transfer of nutrients from the digestive system to the bloodstream and to organs like the liver and kidneys.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, with three wall layers for strength and flexibility.

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Arterioles

Small arteries primarily made of smooth muscle; regulate blood flow and pressure by constricting or relaxing.

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Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur; walls made only of endothelium.

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Lymphatic system

Works with the immune system to collect excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood as lymph.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood.

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Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes after contraction.

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Heart Sounds

Sounds produced by the closure of heart valves during the cardiac cycle; first sound is AV valves, second is semilunar valves.

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Murmur

A swishing sound produced by regurgitation of blood due to leaky valves.

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SA Node

The pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses that regulate heartbeat.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the heart's electrical activity during the cardiac cycle.

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Blood Pressure

The pressure that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels; highest in the aorta.

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Pulse

The surge of blood through arteries, reflecting heart rate, usually measured at the wrist or neck.

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Osmotic Pressure

Force that draws water into capillaries by osmosis at the venule end.

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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Leading cause of early death, involves disorders of blood vessels like hypertension and atherosclerosis.

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Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in blood vessels, narrowing them and reducing blood supply.

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Thrombus and Embolus

Thrombus is a stationary clot; embolus is a clot that travels to distant sites.

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Stroke (CVA)

A blockage or burst in a cranial artery leading to brain tissue death from lack of oxygen.

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Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A heart attack caused by blocked coronary arteries, where a part of the heart dies from oxygen deprivation.

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Aneurysm

A ballooning in a blood vessel, often due to atherosclerosis or hypertension, that can rupture and cause death.

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Dissolving Blood Clots

Medical treatment using t-PA to convert plasminogen to plasmin, dissolving blood clots, often preventing thromboembolism.

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Heart Failure Treatments

Various methods including heart wrapping, implants, surgery, and stem cell injections to manage heart failure.

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Diastolic Pressure

The lowest blood pressure during ventricular relaxation.

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Hypertension

A condition of high blood pressure in the arteries.

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Hypotension

A condition of low blood pressure.

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Pulmonary Circuit

Pathway transporting deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange.

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Systemic Circuit

Pathway carrying oxygenated blood to body tissues.

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Hepatic Portal System

Specialized system for filtering blood from digestive tract through the liver.

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Venous Return

The process of blood returning to the heart through veins.

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Precapillary Sphincters

Muscles that regulate blood flow into capillaries.

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Study Notes

5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System

  • The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels
  • The heart pumps blood throughout the body
  • Blood carries nutrients, removes waste, and facilitates gas exchange
  • Exchange of substances occurs through interstitial fluid
  • Circulation enables material exchange between different systems in the body
  • The cardiovascular system works with all other organ systems, moving blood to and from all organs
  • Gas exchange occurs in the lungs where blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
  • Nutrient exchange involves working with the liver and kidneys
  • The system transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells
  • The cardiovascular system is essential for homeostasis, balancing internal conditions like temperature, pH, water, and electrolytes

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, having three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and elastic tissue, and connective tissue. Arteries can expand and recoil.
  • Arterioles are small arteries with smooth muscle that constricts or dilates to regulate blood flow and pressure
  • Capillaries are microscopic vessels with walls only of endothelium, enabling gas, nutrient, and waste exchange. Precapillary sphincters control blood flow.
  • Venules receive blood from capillaries
  • Veins carry blood back to the heart and have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.

5.3 The Heart is a Double Pump

  • The heart is mostly composed of cardiac muscle tissue, with intercalated disks connecting muscle cells.
  • The heart is enclosed in a sac called the pericardium, that secretes pericardial fluid for lubrication.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
  • Valves (semilunar and atrioventricular) ensure one-way blood flow.
  • The AV valves are reinforced by chordae tendineae
  • The myocardium (heart muscle) needs its own blood supply from coronary arteries.
  • Blockage can cause a myocardial infarction (heart attack)

5.4 Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels.
  • Blood pressure is highest in the aorta and progressively decreases as blood flows through the vessels, becoming lowest in the vena cava.
  • Pulse measures heart rate by the pressure surge in arteries
  • Blood pressure is measured in mmHg (millimeters of mercury)
  • Systolic pressure is the highest pressure during contraction of the heart, diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure when the heart relaxes.
  • Blood flow is regulated by blood pressure and adjusted by precapillary sphincters in capillaries

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways

  • A pulmonary circuit circulates blood through the lungs for gas exchange
  • Systemic circuit circulates blood through the body tissues.
  • The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated, and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
  • Venous return is due to skeletal muscle contraction, respiratory pump (breathing), and valves to prevent backflow
  • The hepatic portal system is a specialized pathway for blood filtration, filtering nutrients and toxins from the digestive tract before entering the general circulation.

5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries

  • Capillaries facilitate exchange of materials between blood and tissues
  • Blood pressure forces fluids out of capillaries mainly at the arteriole end
  • Osmotic pressure draws fluids back into capillaries at the venule end.
  • Fluid not reabsorbed from capillarie forms lymph.

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in western countries
  • Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) in blood vessels can lead to heart attack, stroke, or aneurysm.
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a risk factor for CVD
  • Stroke occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or bursts.
  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs when a coronary artery is blocked. Symptoms of possible blockage include angina, chest pain.
  • Cardiovascular disease can be treated by dissolving blood clots, or with other medical treatments.

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Description

Overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. Explains how blood carries nutrients, removes waste, and facilitates gas exchange. Describes the different types of blood vessels and their functions.

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