Cardiovascular System and Aging
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Questions and Answers

What is one effect of normal aging on the cardiovascular system?

  • Increased heart efficiency
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Increased lung capacity
  • Reduced heart efficiency (correct)

Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Age (correct)
  • Smoking

Which gender is generally more susceptible to cardiovascular problems in middle age?

  • Men (correct)
  • Women
  • Both genders equally
  • Neither gender

What is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease related to lifestyle choices?

<p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system?

<p>Tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid concentration is most indicative of cardiovascular disease?

<p>HDL to LDL ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes LDL cholesterol?

<p>Higher levels increase the risk of heart disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about HDL cholesterol?

<p>Decreased levels increase risk for CAD. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hypertension often called the "silent killer?"

<p>It often has no signs or symptoms until damage has occurred. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between diabetes mellitus and cardiac disease?

<p>Cardiac disease is more prevalent in individuals with diabetes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direct effect does excess body weight have on the heart?

<p>Increases the workload of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between regular exercise and cardiovascular disease risk?

<p>Decreased risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of catecholamines released during the body's stress response?

<p>Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events?

<p>Type D (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

<p>Chronic heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes myocardial necrosis in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)?

<p>Ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of decreased coronary artery perfusion in most cases of AMI?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long after the onset of ischemia does irreversible myocardial cell damage begin?

<p>20 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thrombolytics in the treatment of AMI?

<p>Restore perfusion to the ischemic zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom that is less specific to acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?

<p>Diaphoresis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'silent infarction' is defined as ischemia:

<p>Without any presenting signs or symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient population is a silent infarction more common in?

<p>Patients with diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What confirms a diagnosis of AMI?

<p>Elevated Troponin I and Troponin T (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may suggest AMI on an ECG?

<p>ST-segment depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of AMI?

<p>Cardiac dysrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is typically given for pain relief in the initial treatment of AMI?

<p>Morphine sulfate IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What oxygen saturation level should be maintained in a patient with AMI?

<p>Greater than 90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target time to perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after first medical contact?

<p>Within 120 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nursing consideration to monitor for after thrombolytic therapy?

<p>Bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of CPR during BLS?

<p>High-quality compressions and early defibrillation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the ACLS ABCD approach?

<p>Airway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ROSC stand for?

<p>Return of Spontaneous Circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a 'H' reversible cause to treat?

<p>Hypovolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a cardiac board during resuscitation?

<p>To provide a hard, level surface for chest compressions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is a key part of post-resuscitation care?

<p>Maintaining blood pressure and oxygenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Rapid Response Teams (RRT)?

<p>To improve recognition of and response to clinical deterioration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which healthcare provider is typically part of the code team?

<p>Pharmacists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate action caregivers should take upon recognizing a patient's arrest?

<p>Initiate BLS and ACLS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nurses be familiar with at all times?

<p>The code cart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aging's effect on heart

Reduced heart efficiency due to normal physiological changes.

Nurse's role in CVD

Being aware of cardiac disease prevalence, risks, and processes; implementing interventions; and providing patient teaching.

Nonmodifiable CVD risks

Age, genetics/heredity, gender, cultural/ethnic background.

Modifiable CVD risks

Smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension.

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Nicotine's Cardiovascular Effect

Releases catecholamines, leading to tachycardia, hypertension, and vasoconstriction.

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Tar & CO's effect

Causes atherosclerosis and increases clot formation.

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Hyperlipidemia

Elevated lipid concentrations in the plasma.

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HDL to LDL ratio

Ratio measures the amounts of good vs bad cholesterol in the blood.

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HDL's Effect on CAD

Decreased levels increase risk for CAD. High levels are protective.

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Hypertension risks

Increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular death.

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Diabetes Mellitus

A disease where individuals have a higher chance of cardiac disease.

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Obesity

Excess weight that increases the heart's workload.

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Sedentary Lifestyle

Lack of exercise that increases cardiovascular disease risk.

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Stress

Releases catecholamines that increase heart rate and cause vasoconstriction.

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Type D Personality

Chronic negativity, pessimism, and social inhibition.

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Includes stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

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AMI (Acute Myocardial Infarction)

Myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia.

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ACS Pathophysiology

Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

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Type I MI

Spontaneous, due to plaque rupture and artery occlusion.

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Type II MI

Secondary to ischemic imbalance.

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Silent Infarction

Reduced blood supply to the heart, without typical signs; more common in diabetics due to neuropathy.

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ECG Sign of AMI

ST-segment elevation in two or more contiguous leads indicates possible acute myocardial infarction.

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Cardiac Enzyme Markers

Elevated levels of Troponin I and T in the blood confirm heart muscle damage.

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AMI Treatment Goals

Reestablish blood flow, minimize infarct size, prevent complications, and provide emotional support.

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AMI Pain Relief Meds

Morphine and nitrates reduce chest pain associated with myocardial infarction.

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Prevent Platelet Aggregation

Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and heparin prevent further clot formation.

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PCI Timeframe for AMI

PCI is preferred and should be done within 120 minutes of first medical contact.

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Fibrinolytic Therapy

Dissolves blood clots, restoring blood flow to the heart muscle. Best within 1-2 hours of symptoms onset.

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Post-Thrombolytic Monitoring

Closely monitor heart rhythm, bleeding, recurrent blockage, and neurological changes.

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Reasons for Code Initiation

Cardiac or respiratory arrest, or life-threatening arrhythmias.

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Rapid Response Teams (RRT)

Teams that improve recognition and response to clinical deterioration, decreasing mortality.

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RRT Activation Criteria

Deterioration in heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, O2 saturation, mental status, urinary output, or lab values.

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Caregiver's Role in Code

Ensuring prompt recognition of arrest, rapidly initiating BLS/ACLS, and teamwork.

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Code Cart Contents

The code cart contains basic emergency equipment and medications.

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BLS during Resuscitation

CPR with compressions and early defibrillation until the code team arrives.

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Goals of Resuscitation

Restoring circulation, oxygenation, and ventilation leading to ROSC (Return of Spontaneous Circulation).

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ACLS: ABCD Approach

Airway, Breathing, Compressions/Circulation, Differential Diagnosis.

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Reversible 'H' Causes

Hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen ion (acidosis), hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia.

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Reversible 'T' Causes

Tension pneumothorax, tamponade (cardiac), toxins, thrombosis (pulmonary), thrombosis (coronary).

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Post-ROSC Goals

Optimize cardiopulmonary function and tissue perfusion, prevent another arrest.

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