Cardiovascular System Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the heart wall?

Epicardium

Myocardium

Pericardium

Mesocardium (correct)

What is the primary function of the cardiac conduction system?

To control the flow and volume of blood (correct)

To facilitate the removal of waste products

To regulate blood pressure

To provide nutrients to the heart

What is a common consequence of valvular stenosis?

Pump failure

Obstruction to forward blood flow (correct)

Regurgitant blood flow

Cardiac tamponade

What is the term for a rupture of the heart or a major vessel?

Massive internal hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a failure of synchronized cardiac contraction?

Arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart?

Endocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of cancer that affects blood vessels?

Hemangiosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the narrowing or hardening of arteries?

Arteriosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the compression of the heart caused by the accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac?

Cardiac tamponade Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Hydropericardium?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the accumulation of clear, light yellow, watery fluid in the pericardial sac?

Hydropericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the calcification of the epicardium?

Epicardial calcification Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium?

Pericarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of cancer that originates from the heart?

Hemangiosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the deposition of urate crystals in the pericardium?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the heart muscle?

Myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the lymphatic vessels?

Lymphangitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a bacterial cause of lymphangitis?

Actinobacillus lignieresii Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disease characterized by the inflammation of the coronary arteries?

Periarteritis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of coronary arterial disease?

Arteriosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the blood clot that forms in the coronary arteries?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of disease that can result in lymphedema?

Lymphangitis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Structure of the Heart

The heart lies within a fibroelastic sac called the pericardium
The wall of the heart is composed of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
The heart has four major blood vessels: vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and aorta
The heart has four chambers: right atrium/auricle, right ventricle, left atrium/auricle, and left ventricle
The heart has four valves: tricuspid, pulmonic semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar

Cardiac Conduction System

The cardiac conduction system consists of the Sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN), atrioventricular (AV) bundle, and Purkinje fiber network
The myocardium consists of cardiac muscle cells

Function of the Heart

The heart maintains an adequate and steady supply of nutrients to all organs and tissues
The heart facilitates the removal of waste products from all organs and tissues
Cardiac myocytes provide the force of contraction
The conduction system and the nervous system control the flow and volume of blood

Dysfunction of the Heart

Pump failure: weak contractility and emptying of chambers, impaired filling of chambers
Obstruction to forward blood flow: valvular stenosis, vascular narrowing, systemic or pulmonary hypertension
Regurgitant blood flow: volume overload of chamber behind failing affected valve
Shunted blood flows from congenital defects: septal defects in heart, shunts between blood vessels
Rupture of the heart or a major vessel: cardiac tamponade, massive internal hemorrhage
Cardiac conduction disorders (arrhythmias): failure of synchronized cardiac contraction

Pathology of the Cardiovascular System

Portals of entry: pericardium, hematogenous dissemination, foreign body penetration, direct extension from pleura or mediastinum
Cardiac tamponade: compression of the heart caused by accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac, leading to reduced cardiac output and poor perfusion of vascular beds
Hydropericardium: accumulation of clear, light yellow, watery, serous fluid in the pericardial sac
Epicardial calcification: seen in hereditary calcinosis in mice, cardiomyopathy in hamsters, vitamin E-selenium deficiency in sheep and cattle, and vitamin D toxicity in several species

Other Conditions

Gout: visceral gout occurs in birds and reptiles, characterized by white urate deposits on the epicardial surface
Pericarditis: thrombosis or embolism of the coronary arteries can result in myocardial infarction and cardiac failure
Lymphangitis: inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, caused by bacterial, mycotic, or parasitic infections

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Description

Learn about the structure and components of the heart, including the pericardium, layers of the heart wall, blood vessels, chambers, and valves. Test your knowledge with this quiz!