Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the term 'hemodynamic status' primarily describe?
What does the term 'hemodynamic status' primarily describe?
- The respiratory rate and efficiency
- The cardiovascular system's performance (correct)
- The emotional state of the patient
- The patient's hydration level
A 5-year-old M Chessie dog diagnosed with acute renal failure has a blood pressure of 220/160 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial interpretation of this blood pressure reading?
A 5-year-old M Chessie dog diagnosed with acute renal failure has a blood pressure of 220/160 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial interpretation of this blood pressure reading?
- Hypertensive, possibly due to the renal failure (correct)
- Normal blood pressure for a dog under stress
- Normal blood pressure, requiring no further action
- Hypotensive, indicating a need for immediate fluid therapy
Using the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), what is the MAP for a dog with a blood pressure of 220/160 mm Hg?
Using the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), what is the MAP for a dog with a blood pressure of 220/160 mm Hg?
- 160 mm Hg
- 180 mm Hg (correct)
- 140 mm Hg
- 200 mm Hg
What is the formula used to calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the formula used to calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the formula for calculating pulse pressure?
What is the formula for calculating pulse pressure?
In a hypotensive dog with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, what is the primary concern regarding Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
In a hypotensive dog with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, what is the primary concern regarding Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
A clinician orders 'one blood volume of LRS as a shock dose' for a dog. What is meant by 'blood volume'?
A clinician orders 'one blood volume of LRS as a shock dose' for a dog. What is meant by 'blood volume'?
What is the approximate normal blood volume in a dog, expressed as a percentage of body weight?
What is the approximate normal blood volume in a dog, expressed as a percentage of body weight?
After administering a fluid bolus, a dog shows minimal improvement. Which parameter would be LEAST helpful for a clinician to assess if the cardiac output is low?
After administering a fluid bolus, a dog shows minimal improvement. Which parameter would be LEAST helpful for a clinician to assess if the cardiac output is low?
Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism that can lead to low cardiac output?
Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism that can lead to low cardiac output?
Which of the following best describes what cardiac output is?
Which of the following best describes what cardiac output is?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What happens to cardiac output if the heart rate becomes excessively high?
What happens to cardiac output if the heart rate becomes excessively high?
What is the approximate normal resting cardiac output for a dog?
What is the approximate normal resting cardiac output for a dog?
Which of the following is NOT a method used to measure cardiac output?
Which of the following is NOT a method used to measure cardiac output?
A clinician notes a CVP of 12 and a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava on POCUS. Which of the following could be a next step based on these findings?
A clinician notes a CVP of 12 and a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava on POCUS. Which of the following could be a next step based on these findings?
What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflect?
What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflect?
What is the normal range for CVP in mm Hg?
What is the normal range for CVP in mm Hg?
How does the vertebral heart score help clinicians?
How does the vertebral heart score help clinicians?
In addition to catheter placement, what is required for accurate CVP measurement via direct method?
In addition to catheter placement, what is required for accurate CVP measurement via direct method?
On thoracic radiographs, what finding is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
On thoracic radiographs, what finding is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
Which echocardiographic finding suggests volume overload?
Which echocardiographic finding suggests volume overload?
What is the typical range in dogs and cats for a normal Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)?
What is the typical range in dogs and cats for a normal Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)?
The Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter allows all of the following measurements, except:
The Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter allows all of the following measurements, except:
An 11-year-old FS Doberman Pinscher presents with signs of septic peritonitis. Post-CPR, her lactate is 9.9 mmol/L (normal < 1.5 mmol/L) and blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg. Her cardiac output measures 3.22 L/minute, CVP/RA is 5mmHg, RV is 21/0mmHg, PA is 21/10mmHg and PCWP is 9mmHg. Which of the following parameters is outside the reference range and could be improved?
An 11-year-old FS Doberman Pinscher presents with signs of septic peritonitis. Post-CPR, her lactate is 9.9 mmol/L (normal < 1.5 mmol/L) and blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg. Her cardiac output measures 3.22 L/minute, CVP/RA is 5mmHg, RV is 21/0mmHg, PA is 21/10mmHg and PCWP is 9mmHg. Which of the following parameters is outside the reference range and could be improved?
A dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and weighs 32 kg. What is the cardiac output in ml/kg/min?
A dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and weighs 32 kg. What is the cardiac output in ml/kg/min?
A 32 kg dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume?
A 32 kg dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume?
Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is made up of:
Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is made up of:
The formula for calculating arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is:
The formula for calculating arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is:
Cassidy's arterial oxygen content (CaO2) before surgery was calculated to be 22.429 ml O2/dl. Post-surgery and CPR which of the following would be most important to assess relative to oxygen delivery?
Cassidy's arterial oxygen content (CaO2) before surgery was calculated to be 22.429 ml O2/dl. Post-surgery and CPR which of the following would be most important to assess relative to oxygen delivery?
Which of the following best describes oxygen delivery (DO2)?
Which of the following best describes oxygen delivery (DO2)?
Which change would maximally increase oxygen delivery in a patient with acute blood loss?
Which change would maximally increase oxygen delivery in a patient with acute blood loss?
Which of the following is an ideal resuscitation endpoint that would improve overall chances of survival?
Which of the following is an ideal resuscitation endpoint that would improve overall chances of survival?
What is an indication for the use of B-lines (lung rockets) for a Doberman that collapsed after exercise?
What is an indication for the use of B-lines (lung rockets) for a Doberman that collapsed after exercise?
What is the diagnostic criteria for concluding that the number of B-lines is too high?
What is the diagnostic criteria for concluding that the number of B-lines is too high?
When performing a lung ultrasound, where are the views collected?
When performing a lung ultrasound, where are the views collected?
How can a clinician use the caudal vena cava when assessing a patient for shock?
How can a clinician use the caudal vena cava when assessing a patient for shock?
Why is serum albumin used by clinicians?
Why is serum albumin used by clinicians?
A dog presents with pulmonary edema. What is the PCWP value that would be inconsistent with left-sided CHF?
A dog presents with pulmonary edema. What is the PCWP value that would be inconsistent with left-sided CHF?
What is the primary focus when assessing a patient's hemodynamic status?
What is the primary focus when assessing a patient's hemodynamic status?
A 5-year-old dog presents with acute renal failure and a blood pressure reading of 220/160 mm Hg. How should this blood pressure be initially interpreted?
A 5-year-old dog presents with acute renal failure and a blood pressure reading of 220/160 mm Hg. How should this blood pressure be initially interpreted?
Using the standard formula, what is the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) calculated to be for a dog with a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg?
Using the standard formula, what is the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) calculated to be for a dog with a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg?
What is the primary physiological priority of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary physiological priority of the cardiovascular system?
A 10-year-old dog presents with collapse, pale mucous membranes, weak pulses, and a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg. Which of the following best describes this dog's condition relative to blood pressure?
A 10-year-old dog presents with collapse, pale mucous membranes, weak pulses, and a blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg. Which of the following best describes this dog's condition relative to blood pressure?
For a dog with a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg, what is the calculated Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
For a dog with a blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg, what is the calculated Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the 'critical' Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) range, below which renal perfusion and cerebral autoregulation may be compromised?
What is the 'critical' Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) range, below which renal perfusion and cerebral autoregulation may be compromised?
A clinician orders 'one blood volume of crystalloids as a shock dose'. In a canine patient, approximately what percentage of body weight does 'blood volume' represent?
A clinician orders 'one blood volume of crystalloids as a shock dose'. In a canine patient, approximately what percentage of body weight does 'blood volume' represent?
What is the approximate blood volume in ml for a 1 kg dog?
What is the approximate blood volume in ml for a 1 kg dog?
After administering a fluid bolus to a hypotensive dog, there is minimal improvement. Which of the following parameters would be LEAST helpful in assessing if low cardiac output is the problem?
After administering a fluid bolus to a hypotensive dog, there is minimal improvement. Which of the following parameters would be LEAST helpful in assessing if low cardiac output is the problem?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major mechanism leading to low cardiac output?
Which of the following is NOT considered a major mechanism leading to low cardiac output?
Cardiac output is best described as the:
Cardiac output is best described as the:
What is the expected effect on cardiac output if the heart rate becomes excessively high?
What is the expected effect on cardiac output if the heart rate becomes excessively high?
In a resting dog, what is the approximate normal range for cardiac output, expressed in ml/kg/min?
In a resting dog, what is the approximate normal range for cardiac output, expressed in ml/kg/min?
Which of the following is NOT a standard method for measuring cardiac output?
Which of the following is NOT a standard method for measuring cardiac output?
A clinician notes a Central Venous Pressure (CVP) of 12 mm Hg and observes a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava on Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS). What does this combination of findings suggest?
A clinician notes a Central Venous Pressure (CVP) of 12 mm Hg and observes a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava on Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS). What does this combination of findings suggest?
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflects the pressure in which cardiac chamber?
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflects the pressure in which cardiac chamber?
What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure (CVP) in mm Hg?
What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure (CVP) in mm Hg?
For accurate CVP measurement using the direct method, what is essential in addition to correct catheter placement?
For accurate CVP measurement using the direct method, what is essential in addition to correct catheter placement?
On thoracic radiographs, which of the following findings is MOST suggestive of hypovolemia?
On thoracic radiographs, which of the following findings is MOST suggestive of hypovolemia?
Which echocardiographic finding is MOST indicative of volume overload?
Which echocardiographic finding is MOST indicative of volume overload?
What is the typical normal range for Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) in dogs and cats, in mm Hg?
What is the typical normal range for Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) in dogs and cats, in mm Hg?
A Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter allows measurement of all the following EXCEPT:
A Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter allows measurement of all the following EXCEPT:
Cassidy, a dog post-CPR, has a lactate of 9.9 mmol/L and blood pressure of 75/50 mm Hg. Hemodynamic parameters include: CO 3.22 L/min, CVP 5mmHg, RV 21/0mmHg, PA 21/10mmHg, PCWP 9mmHg. Which parameter is most likely outside the reference range and needs improvement?
Cassidy, a dog post-CPR, has a lactate of 9.9 mmol/L and blood pressure of 75/50 mm Hg. Hemodynamic parameters include: CO 3.22 L/min, CVP 5mmHg, RV 21/0mmHg, PA 21/10mmHg, PCWP 9mmHg. Which parameter is most likely outside the reference range and needs improvement?
A dog with a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min weighs 32 kg. What is the cardiac output in ml/kg/min?
A dog with a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min weighs 32 kg. What is the cardiac output in ml/kg/min?
A 32 kg dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume in ml/beat?
A 32 kg dog has a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume in ml/beat?
Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is comprised of oxygen that is:
Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) is comprised of oxygen that is:
Cassidy's arterial oxygen content (CaO2) was 22.429 ml O2/dl before surgery. Post-surgery and CPR, which parameter would be MOST crucial to reassess relative to oxygen delivery?
Cassidy's arterial oxygen content (CaO2) was 22.429 ml O2/dl before surgery. Post-surgery and CPR, which parameter would be MOST crucial to reassess relative to oxygen delivery?
Oxygen delivery (DO2) is best described as:
Oxygen delivery (DO2) is best described as:
In a patient with acute blood loss and reduced oxygen delivery, which intervention would maximally increase oxygen delivery (DO2)?
In a patient with acute blood loss and reduced oxygen delivery, which intervention would maximally increase oxygen delivery (DO2)?
Which of the following is considered an ideal resuscitation endpoint that would improve overall survival chances in a critically ill patient?
Which of the following is considered an ideal resuscitation endpoint that would improve overall survival chances in a critically ill patient?
Sully, a Doberman who collapsed after exercise, undergoes a T-FAST exam. The clinician suspects B-lines. What is the primary indication for assessing B-lines in this case?
Sully, a Doberman who collapsed after exercise, undergoes a T-FAST exam. The clinician suspects B-lines. What is the primary indication for assessing B-lines in this case?
What diagnostic criterion is used to conclude that the number of B-lines observed on lung ultrasound is pathologically high, suggestive of pulmonary edema?
What diagnostic criterion is used to conclude that the number of B-lines observed on lung ultrasound is pathologically high, suggestive of pulmonary edema?
During a lung ultrasound examination for B-lines, where are the standard views typically collected?
During a lung ultrasound examination for B-lines, where are the standard views typically collected?
How is the caudal vena cava assessed using ultrasound in the context of shock or fluid balance?
How is the caudal vena cava assessed using ultrasound in the context of shock or fluid balance?
Why is serum albumin level clinically relevant in the context of fluid balance?
Why is serum albumin level clinically relevant in the context of fluid balance?
A dog presents with pulmonary edema. A Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) value of 10 mm Hg is measured. How should this PCWP value be interpreted in the context of left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) as the cause of pulmonary edema?
A dog presents with pulmonary edema. A Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) value of 10 mm Hg is measured. How should this PCWP value be interpreted in the context of left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) as the cause of pulmonary edema?
In the context of cardiovascular physiology, what does the term 'preload' primarily refer to?
In the context of cardiovascular physiology, what does the term 'preload' primarily refer to?
What does a 'V wave' observed during right atrial pressure monitoring typically represent?
What does a 'V wave' observed during right atrial pressure monitoring typically represent?
During right ventricular pressure measurement, what does the 'RV systolic pressure' value represent?
During right ventricular pressure measurement, what does the 'RV systolic pressure' value represent?
In a pulmonary artery pressure tracing, what does the 'pulmonary artery diastolic pressure' primarily reflect?
In a pulmonary artery pressure tracing, what does the 'pulmonary artery diastolic pressure' primarily reflect?
Aortic pressure tracings before and after surgical repair of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) are compared. What would be the expected change in pulse pressure after successful PDA repair?
Aortic pressure tracings before and after surgical repair of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) are compared. What would be the expected change in pulse pressure after successful PDA repair?
In pulmonic stenosis, with a gradient across the pulmonic valve, where would the highest systolic pressure be measured?
In pulmonic stenosis, with a gradient across the pulmonic valve, where would the highest systolic pressure be measured?
In aortic stenosis, with a gradient across the aortic valve, what characteristic change would be expected in the arterial pulse pressure?
In aortic stenosis, with a gradient across the aortic valve, what characteristic change would be expected in the arterial pulse pressure?
In marked mitral regurgitation leading to left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF), what would be the expected change in left atrial pressure?
In marked mitral regurgitation leading to left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF), what would be the expected change in left atrial pressure?
Quale delle seguenti opzioni descrive meglio lo stato emodinamico?
Quale delle seguenti opzioni descrive meglio lo stato emodinamico?
Qual è la pressione arteriosa media (PAM) per un cane con una pressione arteriosa di 90/50 mmHg?
Qual è la pressione arteriosa media (PAM) per un cane con una pressione arteriosa di 90/50 mmHg?
Quale valore di PAM è considerato 'critico' in quanto può compromettere la perfusione renale e l'autoregolazione cerebrale?
Quale valore di PAM è considerato 'critico' in quanto può compromettere la perfusione renale e l'autoregolazione cerebrale?
Qual è il volume sanguigno approssimativo in un cane, espresso come percentuale del peso corporeo?
Qual è il volume sanguigno approssimativo in un cane, espresso come percentuale del peso corporeo?
Quale dei seguenti NON è un meccanismo principale che può portare a bassa gittata cardiaca?
Quale dei seguenti NON è un meccanismo principale che può portare a bassa gittata cardiaca?
Cosa succede alla gittata cardiaca se la frequenza cardiaca diventa eccessivamente alta?
Cosa succede alla gittata cardiaca se la frequenza cardiaca diventa eccessivamente alta?
Quale dei seguenti NON è un metodo utilizzato per misurare la gittata cardiaca?
Quale dei seguenti NON è un metodo utilizzato per misurare la gittata cardiaca?
Quale camera cardiaca riflette principalmente la pressione venosa centrale (PVC)?
Quale camera cardiaca riflette principalmente la pressione venosa centrale (PVC)?
Qual è l'intervallo normale per la pressione venosa centrale (PVC) in mm Hg?
Qual è l'intervallo normale per la pressione venosa centrale (PVC) in mm Hg?
Su radiografie toraciche, quale reperto è più indicativo di ipovolemia?
Su radiografie toraciche, quale reperto è più indicativo di ipovolemia?
Quale reperto ecocardiografico suggerisce sovraccarico di volume?
Quale reperto ecocardiografico suggerisce sovraccarico di volume?
Qual è l'intervallo tipico per la pressione capillare polmonare (PCP) normale in cani e gatti?
Qual è l'intervallo tipico per la pressione capillare polmonare (PCP) normale in cani e gatti?
Quale parametro tra i seguenti sarebbe più importante valutare rispetto all'apporto di ossigeno dopo un intervento chirurgico e RCP, considerando che il contenuto arterioso di ossigeno (CaO2) pre-operatorio di Cassidy era di 22,429 ml O2/dl?
Quale parametro tra i seguenti sarebbe più importante valutare rispetto all'apporto di ossigeno dopo un intervento chirurgico e RCP, considerando che il contenuto arterioso di ossigeno (CaO2) pre-operatorio di Cassidy era di 22,429 ml O2/dl?
Quale intervento aumenterebbe maggiormente l'apporto di ossigeno (DO2) in un paziente con perdita di sangue acuta e ridotto apporto di ossigeno?
Quale intervento aumenterebbe maggiormente l'apporto di ossigeno (DO2) in un paziente con perdita di sangue acuta e ridotto apporto di ossigeno?
Un cane presenta edema polmonare. Un valore di pressione capillare polmonare (PCP) di 10 mm Hg è stato misurato. Come dovrebbe essere interpretato questo valore di PCP nel contesto dello scompenso cardiaco congestizio sinistro (SCC) come causa di edema polmonare?
Un cane presenta edema polmonare. Un valore di pressione capillare polmonare (PCP) di 10 mm Hg è stato misurato. Come dovrebbe essere interpretato questo valore di PCP nel contesto dello scompenso cardiaco congestizio sinistro (SCC) come causa di edema polmonare?
What information do central nervous system baroreceptors provide?
What information do central nervous system baroreceptors provide?
What is the primary role of the central nervous system, baroreceptors, and kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
What is the primary role of the central nervous system, baroreceptors, and kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
Why is kidney failure a common cause of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats?
Why is kidney failure a common cause of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats?
What does a wider pulse pressure typically indicate?
What does a wider pulse pressure typically indicate?
Why might an anemic dog have a wider pulse pressure?
Why might an anemic dog have a wider pulse pressure?
What is the cardiovascular system's highest priority in maintaining function?
What is the cardiovascular system's highest priority in maintaining function?
What might be indicated by a normal blood pressure accompanied by a high lactate level?
What might be indicated by a normal blood pressure accompanied by a high lactate level?
In a dog with mitral regurgitation, what cardiovascular parameter is considered the lowest priority to maintain?
In a dog with mitral regurgitation, what cardiovascular parameter is considered the lowest priority to maintain?
What is the primary concern associated with a 'critical' mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What is the primary concern associated with a 'critical' mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What happens to cerebral blood flow when mean arterial pressure (MAP) drops below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What happens to cerebral blood flow when mean arterial pressure (MAP) drops below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What neurological signs might be observed when the mean arterial pressure (MAP) drops below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What neurological signs might be observed when the mean arterial pressure (MAP) drops below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What is a potential consequence of severe hypertension when the mean arterial pressure (MAP) exceeds the upper limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What is a potential consequence of severe hypertension when the mean arterial pressure (MAP) exceeds the upper limit of cerebral autoregulation?
Why is norepinephrine administered as a continuous rate infusion (CRI)?
Why is norepinephrine administered as a continuous rate infusion (CRI)?
What does a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava observed on POCUS typically suggest?
What does a distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava observed on POCUS typically suggest?
How can the jugular vein be used to estimate central venous pressure (CVP)?
How can the jugular vein be used to estimate central venous pressure (CVP)?
What does a persistently elevated jugular vein distension after pressing on the liver (hepatojugular reflux) indicate?
What does a persistently elevated jugular vein distension after pressing on the liver (hepatojugular reflux) indicate?
What is the primary goal when trying to distinguish between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
What is the primary goal when trying to distinguish between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
How can thoracic radiographs help assess a patient for hypovolemia?
How can thoracic radiographs help assess a patient for hypovolemia?
Which of the following radiographic findings is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
Which of the following radiographic findings is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
During echocardiography, what measurement helps in assessing the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
During echocardiography, what measurement helps in assessing the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
What is a general rule of thumb for estimating the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
What is a general rule of thumb for estimating the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
What does a left ventricular cavity that appears small and thick-walled on echocardiography suggest?
What does a left ventricular cavity that appears small and thick-walled on echocardiography suggest?
What are the limitations of using BUN and creatinine measurements to evaluate fluid balance?
What are the limitations of using BUN and creatinine measurements to evaluate fluid balance?
What is considered an oliguric urine output in dogs and cats?
What is considered an oliguric urine output in dogs and cats?
What potential issues can arise when relying solely on measuring 'ins and outs' to evaluate fluid balance?
What potential issues can arise when relying solely on measuring 'ins and outs' to evaluate fluid balance?
What effect does hypoalbuminemia typically have on edema formation?
What effect does hypoalbuminemia typically have on edema formation?
What is the normal range for right ventricular pressure?
What is the normal range for right ventricular pressure?
Why is the measurement of pulmonary artery pressure important?
Why is the measurement of pulmonary artery pressure important?
What does a high mean left atrial pressure typically represent?
What does a high mean left atrial pressure typically represent?
What does the term 'gradient across the valve' reference?
What does the term 'gradient across the valve' reference?
Which disease can cause pulmonary hypertension?
Which disease can cause pulmonary hypertension?
Is a systemic blood pressure between 160-180mm Hg too high?
Is a systemic blood pressure between 160-180mm Hg too high?
Which choice is an intervention option for anemic patients?
Which choice is an intervention option for anemic patients?
A 32 kg dog presents with a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume?
A 32 kg dog presents with a cardiac output of 3.22 L/min and a heart rate of 155 bpm. What is the stroke volume?
Which statement describes the best practice for giving fluids?
Which statement describes the best practice for giving fluids?
What intervention would maximally increase oxygen delivery in a patient with acute blood loss?
What intervention would maximally increase oxygen delivery in a patient with acute blood loss?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'hemodynamic status'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'hemodynamic status'?
In cases of systemic hypertension, what organ system primarily drives changes in blood pressure?
In cases of systemic hypertension, what organ system primarily drives changes in blood pressure?
A dog presents with a systolic blood pressure of 170 mmHg. What is the most appropriate clinical interpretation of this finding?
A dog presents with a systolic blood pressure of 170 mmHg. What is the most appropriate clinical interpretation of this finding?
What effect does anemia have on pulse pressure?
What effect does anemia have on pulse pressure?
What is the cardiovascular system's FIRST highest priority?
What is the cardiovascular system's FIRST highest priority?
A dog with a normal blood pressure displays a persistently elevated lactate level. What might this indicate?
A dog with a normal blood pressure displays a persistently elevated lactate level. What might this indicate?
What is the primary consequence of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropping below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
What is the primary consequence of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropping below the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation?
A distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava observed on POCUS typically indicates:
A distended, non-collapsing caudal vena cava observed on POCUS typically indicates:
What does a persistently elevated jugular vein distension after applying pressure to the liver (hepatojugular reflux) indicate?
What does a persistently elevated jugular vein distension after applying pressure to the liver (hepatojugular reflux) indicate?
When assessing a patient with pulmonary edema, what is the primary goal when trying to distinguish between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic causes?
When assessing a patient with pulmonary edema, what is the primary goal when trying to distinguish between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic causes?
On thoracic radiographs, which of the following is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
On thoracic radiographs, which of the following is MOST indicative of hypovolemia?
What echocardiographic view is MOST useful for assessing the relationship of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
What echocardiographic view is MOST useful for assessing the relationship of the left atrium relative to the aorta?
What is a general rule of thumb for estimating the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta using echocardiography?
What is a general rule of thumb for estimating the size of the left atrium relative to the aorta using echocardiography?
On echocardiography, a left ventricular cavity that appears small and thick-walled suggests:
On echocardiography, a left ventricular cavity that appears small and thick-walled suggests:
A patient on fluid therapy is producing less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour of urine. How should this be interpreted?
A patient on fluid therapy is producing less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour of urine. How should this be interpreted?
Which statement best describes the effect of hypoalbuminemia on edema formation?
Which statement best describes the effect of hypoalbuminemia on edema formation?
A right ventricular systolic pressure is measured at 120 mmHg, while the pulmonary artery systolic pressure is 20 mmHg. What does this suggest?
A right ventricular systolic pressure is measured at 120 mmHg, while the pulmonary artery systolic pressure is 20 mmHg. What does this suggest?
In aortic stenosis, what findings would be expected during physical examination?
In aortic stenosis, what findings would be expected during physical examination?
A pulmonary artery catheter with a balloon is placed into a patient. If, after inflating the balloon, the measured pressure is 27 mmHg. What is the interpretation of this reading?
A pulmonary artery catheter with a balloon is placed into a patient. If, after inflating the balloon, the measured pressure is 27 mmHg. What is the interpretation of this reading?
A mechanical ventilator is being used for an anemic patient with a PaO2 of 80 mm Hg and a SpO2 of 93%. The clinician considers three interventions: (1) increase the FiO2; (2) give a blood transfusion; or (3) administer a positive inotrope. Which intervention would most improve the delivery of oxygen to the tissues?
A mechanical ventilator is being used for an anemic patient with a PaO2 of 80 mm Hg and a SpO2 of 93%. The clinician considers three interventions: (1) increase the FiO2; (2) give a blood transfusion; or (3) administer a positive inotrope. Which intervention would most improve the delivery of oxygen to the tissues?
What is the approximate systemic vascular resistance (SVR) for a dog?
What is the approximate systemic vascular resistance (SVR) for a dog?
What is the approximate range for normal venous oxygen content (CvO2) in dogs?
What is the approximate range for normal venous oxygen content (CvO2) in dogs?
What is the formula for calculating systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the formula for calculating systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the approximate normal range for arterial oxygen content (CaO2) in dogs?
What is the approximate normal range for arterial oxygen content (CaO2) in dogs?
What is the formula for calculating arterial oxygen content (CaO2)?
What is the formula for calculating arterial oxygen content (CaO2)?
What is the typical cardiac output (CO) range for a dog?
What is the typical cardiac output (CO) range for a dog?
Given a dog with a heart rate of 100 bpm and a stroke volume of 1 ml/kg/beat, what is the cardiac output for this dog if it weighs 10 kg?
Given a dog with a heart rate of 100 bpm and a stroke volume of 1 ml/kg/beat, what is the cardiac output for this dog if it weighs 10 kg?
What is the approximate normal range for heart rate in anesthetized dogs?
What is the approximate normal range for heart rate in anesthetized dogs?
What is the approximate normal range for heart rate in cats?
What is the approximate normal range for heart rate in cats?
Which value is used to determine pulmonary vascular resistance?
Which value is used to determine pulmonary vascular resistance?
What information is needed to use the Fick formula to determine cardiac output?
What information is needed to use the Fick formula to determine cardiac output?
What parameters are multiplied to get the rate pressure product?
What parameters are multiplied to get the rate pressure product?
What variables are used to directly calculate oxygen delivery?
What variables are used to directly calculate oxygen delivery?
What two lab values are part of the calculating an anion gap?
What two lab values are part of the calculating an anion gap?
A dog is diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. Knowing that this can create several changes to cardiovascular parameters but that mean arterial pressure is defined as Cardiac output (CO) x Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), what changes would have to occur due to aortic stenosis for the mean arterial pressure to remain stable?
A dog is diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. Knowing that this can create several changes to cardiovascular parameters but that mean arterial pressure is defined as Cardiac output (CO) x Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), what changes would have to occur due to aortic stenosis for the mean arterial pressure to remain stable?
Flashcards
Hemodynamic Status
Hemodynamic Status
Overall condition of the circulatory system's function.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.
Formula to calculate MAP
Formula to calculate MAP
1/3 (systolic - diastolic) + diastolic
Pulse Pressure
Pulse Pressure
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Priorities of Cardiovascular System
Priorities of Cardiovascular System
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Normal Blood Volume
Normal Blood Volume
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Cardiac output
Cardiac output
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Parameters assessed for low cardiac output
Parameters assessed for low cardiac output
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Major causes of low cardiac output
Major causes of low cardiac output
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Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
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Central venous pressure idea
Central venous pressure idea
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How to measure CVP
How to measure CVP
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Thoracic Radiographs - Volume Assessment
Thoracic Radiographs - Volume Assessment
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Echocardiography - Volume Assessment
Echocardiography - Volume Assessment
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BUN and Creatinine - Fluid Balance
BUN and Creatinine - Fluid Balance
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Urine output as fluid assessment
Urine output as fluid assessment
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Albumin and Total Proteins
Albumin and Total Proteins
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
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PCWP Assessment
PCWP Assessment
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Swan-Ganz Pulmonary Artery Catheter
Swan-Ganz Pulmonary Artery Catheter
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
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arterial oxygen content
arterial oxygen content
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Arterial Content Equation
Arterial Content Equation
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Oxygen delivery formula
Oxygen delivery formula
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Ideal Resuscitation Endpoints
Ideal Resuscitation Endpoints
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Systemic Hypertension
Systemic Hypertension
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Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI)
Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI)
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Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
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Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
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FiO2
FiO2
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Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
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Cardiovascular Pressure and Volume
Cardiovascular Pressure and Volume
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Heart Rate
Heart Rate
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Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
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Preload
Preload
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Afterload
Afterload
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Contractility
Contractility
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Pressure Transducer
Pressure Transducer
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Kittleson Normals
Kittleson Normals
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Thoracic Radiographs
Thoracic Radiographs
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Echocardiography
Echocardiography
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Fractional Shortening (FS)
Fractional Shortening (FS)
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Oxygen Extraction Ratio
Oxygen Extraction Ratio
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Rate Pressure Product (RPP)
Rate Pressure Product (RPP)
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Respiratory Rate
Respiratory Rate
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Pressure and Volume Assessment Objectives
- Become familiar with measured cardiovascular variables like blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and oxygen delivery
- Learn how these measures are obtained and how to use additional clinical data to infer information about unmeasured variables (e.g., radiographs, urine output, gallop)
- Learn to interpret cardiovascular monitoring variables with respect to the cardiovascular system
- Use cardiovascular monitoring data to alter cardiac therapy or interventions
- Use clinical data to determine whether animals have increased, decreased, or normal overall body fluid volume
- Know the diseases that increase pressures or volumes in various chambers
Cardiovascular Parameters and Formulas
- Heart rate in dogs typically ranges from 135-170 bpm (70-120 bpm under anesthesia)
- Heart rate in cats typically ranges from 110-200 bpm
- Mean arterial pressure in dogs typically ranges from 80-120 mmHg
- Mean arterial pressure in cats typically ranges from 100-150 mmHg
- Arterial blood pressure in dogs typically shows a systolic range of 100-160 mmHg, a mean range of 80-120 mmHg, and a diastolic range of 60-100 mmHg
- Kittleson normals for right atrial pressure are 4-6 mmHg, for right ventricle 15-30 mmHg, for pulmonary artery 15-30 mmHg, for pulmonary wedge 6-12 mmHg, for left atrium 5-12 mmHg, for left ventricle 90-150 mmHg, for aortic blood pressure 95-150 mmHg, and for systemic arteries 110-160 mmHg
- Normal right atrial pressure ranges from 2-5 mmHg
- Normal right ventricular pressure is less than 5 mmHg
- Normal pulmonary artery pressure ranges from 8-20 mmHg
- Normal pulmonary wedge pressure ranges from 5-10 mmHg
- Normal left atrial pressure is less than 10 mmHg
- Normal left ventricular pressure is less than 10 mmHg
- Normal aortic blood pressure ranges from 80-110 mmHg
- Normal systemic arterial pressure ranges from 90-120 mmHg
- Approximate blood volume in dogs is 70-90 ml/kg
- Approximate blood volume in cats is 45-65 ml/kg
- Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
- CO = HR x SV
- Cardiac output in dogs typically ranges from 100-200 ml/kg/min
- Cardiac output in cats typically ranges from 120 ml/kg/min
- Cardiac index is calculated by dividing cardiac output by body surface area
- Normal cardiac index is 3.9 +/- 0.4 L/min/m²
- Stroke volume in dogs typically ranges from 1.5-2.5 ml/kg/beat
- Stroke volume index in dogs typically ranges from 30-50 ml/beat/m²
- Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) can be calculated using a formula that includes mean arterial pressure, mean RA, CVP pressure, and cardiac output
Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
- Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI): calculated using mean arterial pressure, mean RA or CVP, and cardiac index (dog: ~2250 dynes/sec/cm-5/m²)
- Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR): calculated using PA mean pressure, LA or PAW mea pressure, and cardiac output (dog: 125-250 dynes/sec/cm-5)
- Pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI): calculated using PA mean pressure, LA or PAW mean pressure, and cardiac index (dog: ~300 dynes/sec/cm-5/m²)
- Arterial oxygen (O2) content (CaO2): calculated using SaO2, Hb and PaO2 (dog: 16-19 ml/dl)
- Venous oxygen content (CvO2): calculated using SvO2, Hb and PvO2 (dog: 11-15 ml O2//dl)
- Oxygen delivery (DO2): calculated using CI and CaO2 (dog: 600-900 ml O₂/min/m²)
- Oxygen consumption (VO2 ): calculated using CI, CaO2 , and CvO2 (dog: 150-250 ml O2/min/m²)
- Arteriovenous O2 content difference (C(a-v)O2): calculated using arterial O2 content - venous O2 content
- Oxygen extraction (%): Ratio of VO2 and DO2 (20-30%)
Additional Calculations
- Coronary perfusion pressure is figured using either Ao root pressure minus right atrial or arterial diastolic pressure minus LVEDP
- Rate pressure product (RPP) is calculated using heart rate multiplied by systolic blood pressure
- Ejection fraction (EF): calculated using stroke volume and end-diastolic volume (normal 60%)
- Fractional shortening (FS): calculated using LVIDd, LVIDs (normal 28-40%)
- Respiratory rate norms include: dog 10-30 bpm and cat 24-32 bpm
- Osmolality: Calculated by measuring Na, BUN and glucose
- Anion gap: Calculated by measuring Na, K, Cl, and HCO3
Guidelines For Acid/Base Compensation:
- Guidelines exist for acid/base compensation:
- Metabolic acidosis involves HCO3 and PCO2
- Metabolic alkalosis involves HCO3 and PCO2
- Acute and chronic respiratory acidosis involves PCO2 and HCO3
- Acute and chronic respiratory alkalosis involves PCO2 and HCO3
Diseases and Hemodynamic Changes
- Small aortic stenosis (SAS) - stable: Left Ventricular volume is normal to low, especially at the end of systole
- DCM with CHF: Increased LV volume, LA volume, RV volume, and RA volume
- HCM with CHF: Normal to low LV volume (especially at end systole), increased LA volume, normal to increased RV volume
- HOCM with normal LA size: Normal to low LV volume
- Pulmonic stenosis: Normal to low LV volume, normal LA Volume, Normal to increased RV volume, normal RA volume </existing_notes>
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