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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the normal range for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What happens when MAP is less than 60?
What happens when MAP is less than 60?
If a patient has a blood pressure of 70/50 mmHg, what is their MAP?
If a patient has a blood pressure of 70/50 mmHg, what is their MAP?
What does Cardiac Index (CI) measure in relation to the patient's size?
What does Cardiac Index (CI) measure in relation to the patient's size?
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Compute the Cardiac Index (CI) for a patient with a QT of 6 L/min and a BSA of 3 m².
Compute the Cardiac Index (CI) for a patient with a QT of 6 L/min and a BSA of 3 m².
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (QT)?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (QT)?
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A patient with a stroke volume of 60 ml and a heart rate of 50 bpm has what cardiac output?
A patient with a stroke volume of 60 ml and a heart rate of 50 bpm has what cardiac output?
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What is the normal range for cardiac output at rest?
What is the normal range for cardiac output at rest?
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If a patient's cardiac index (CI) is found to be 2.8 L/min/m², what does this imply?
If a patient's cardiac index (CI) is found to be 2.8 L/min/m², what does this imply?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which physiological effect occurs due to activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which physiological effect occurs due to activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What factor is known to increase heart rate?
What factor is known to increase heart rate?
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What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure?
What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure?
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How is ejection fraction calculated?
How is ejection fraction calculated?
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What does preload refer to?
What does preload refer to?
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What is the normal range for pulse pressure?
What is the normal range for pulse pressure?
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Which of the following can negatively affect contractility?
Which of the following can negatively affect contractility?
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What is the role of the venous system in circulation?
What is the role of the venous system in circulation?
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Which of the following factors is associated with increased preload?
Which of the following factors is associated with increased preload?
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Study Notes
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- MAP is calculated as (2 x Diastolic Blood Pressure + Systolic Blood Pressure) / 3
- Normal range is 70-105 mmHg
- Less than 60 mmHg indicates inadequate organ perfusion.
Cardiac Index (CI)
- CI is a measure of cardiac output relative to the size of the patient.
- CI = Cardiac Output (QT) / Body Surface Area (BSA)
- Normal range is 2.5-4.0 L/min/m².
- A CI below 2.5 L/min/m² suggests inadequate cardiac output.
Cardiac Output (QT)
- QT is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
- QT = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
- Normal QT range is 4-8 L/min at rest.
Systolic vs. Diastolic
- Systole is the top number of blood pressure (e.g., 120 mmHg).
- Diastole is the bottom number of blood pressure (e.g., 80 mmHg).
- Normal systolic range is 90-120 mmHg.
- Normal diastolic range is 60-90 mmHg.
Venous System
- The venous system acts as a reservoir for blood, holding approximately 60% of the total blood volume.
- Venous return (VR) should equal cardiac output (QT).
Ejection Fraction (EF)
- EF is the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction.
- Normal EF is 65-70%.
- EF below 50% indicates a reduced ability of the heart to pump blood.
Preload, Afterload, Contractility
- Preload is the ventricular stretch before contraction.
- Afterload is the resistance to ventricular emptying.
- Contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction.
Positive vs. Negative Inotropism
- Positive inotropism increases the force of myocardial contraction.
- Negative inotropism decreases the force of myocardial contraction.
Pulse Pressure
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Normal range is 30-40 mmHg.
- A low pulse pressure can indicate low stroke volume.
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
- CVP is the pressure in the right atrium.
- Normal range is 2-6 mmHg.
Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)
- PPV Augments Preload and QT
- Hazards of PEEP include decreased venous return, decreased blood pressure, and increased intracranial pressure.
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
- PAWP measures pressure in the left atrium.
- Normal range is 5-10 mmHg.
Cardiac Work
- Cardiac work is a measurement of the energy spent ejecting blood from the ventricles against pressures in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
- A measure of oxygen needed by the heart.
Layers of the heart
- Epicardium (outer layer)
- Myocardium (middle layer)
- Endocardium (inner layer)
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in cardiovascular physiology, including Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Cardiac Index (CI), and Cardiac Output (QT). This quiz will help evaluate your knowledge of normal ranges, calculations, and the roles of different components of the circulatory system.
