Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

Diathermy is a medical treatment that utilizes high-frequency electric currents to generate heat within bodily tissues.

Diathermy is used for both therapeutic and surgical purposes. This includes things like treating muscle pain, tissue healing, and surgical procedures.

Surgical diathermy uses high-frequency electric currents to cut or coagulate (seal) tissues.

Diathermy can perform the following surgical functions: cutting tissue, coagulating (sealing) blood vessels, and fulguration (destroying abnormal tissue with electric sparks).

Diathermy is commonly used for treating muscle pain, promoting tissue healing, and reducing inflammation. It can be used to alleviate pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and tissues.

Diathermy can be employed to treat various conditions such as muscle strains, sprains, arthritis, and tendonitis.

Diathermy is a non-invasive treatment, meaning it doesn't require any incisions or surgery. It works by directly heating the tissue via electric currents.

Different types of Diathermy exist, such as short wave diathermy (SWD) and microwave diathermy. Each type utilizes different frequencies and methods of heat application.

Diathermy is regulated by medical professionals and should be administered in a controlled environment. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to determine if Diathermy is suitable for your condition.

Diathermy is a safe and effective treatment option for many conditions when administered correctly. However, potential side effects may include skin burns, discomfort, and potential interactions with medical devices.

The process of applying a magnetic field to induce an electrical current within body parts, generating heat for therapeutic purposes.

A low dielectric constant and conductivity indicates materials with low water content, such as bone, fat, ligaments, capsules, and dry skin. These materials resist the flow of electrical energy.

Materials with a high dielectric constant and conductivity typically have a high water content. Examples include muscle, nerves, blood vessels, internal organs, and moist skin. These materials allow for the passage of electrical energy.

An electric field converges towards substances with a high dielectric constant. This means that the electric field lines will concentrate around materials that hold a lot of electrical energy.

The process of destroying cancer cells using radiation, often employing high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.

This technique separates molecules based on their charge and size. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix, causing charged molecules to migrate towards the oppositely charged pole at different rates.

The speed at which ions move in an electric field depends on the magnitude of their charge and their mass, as well as the shape of the molecule.

The electrophoresis apparatus consists of essential components like the electrophoresis unit, which generates the electric field; a power pack, which supplies the electrical power; and a gel, which acts as the medium for separating molecules based on their charge and size.

The P wave in leads V2-V3 is biphasic (having both positive and negative components), indicating the electrical activity of the atria as it travels towards the left ventricle.

Deep S waves in leads V1 and V2 indicate the electrical activity of the ventricles as they depolarize, with the dominant activity being seen in the left ventricle.

Tall R waves in leads V5 and V6 indicate that the electrical activity of the ventricles is predominantly seen in the left ventricle due to its large mass.

A biphasic QRS complex in leads V2 and V3 indicates a 'transition zone'. This represents the shift in electrical activity from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.

R wave progression refers to the increasing amplitude of the R wave in leads V1 to V6, reflecting the electrical activity moving from the right to the left ventricle.

The ST segment represents the plateau phase during ventricular repolarization, which is when the ventricles are recovering from depolarization.

ST segment elevation or depression is a critical sign of potential cardiac pathology, suggesting an imbalance in blood flow or an injury to the heart muscle.

The T wave reflects the repolarization process of the ventricles, as the heart muscle cells return to their resting state.

Vasovagal syncope is a reflex causing dilation of systemic arteries, leading to a drop in blood pressure (hypotension) and a slowing of the heart's natural pacemaker (SA node) due to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Scattered X-ray beams approach the detector screen at an angle, not perpendicularly or parallel.

Hard X-rays are used to detect bone breaks due to their higher energy and ability to penetrate dense tissues like bones.

Intensifier screens reduce patient exposure to X-rays by a factor of 1000-2000, amplifying the signal without needing high radiation doses.

Contrast media are substances containing elements with higher atomic numbers, allowing for better image differentiation in X-ray scans.

A good X-ray source should produce X-rays with a narrow beam and parallel rays, for a clearer image and less scatter.

The ECG frequency range is 0.05-150Hz, capturing the electrical signals from the heart.

Notch Filters are used in ECG amplifiers to reduce the hum noise generated by the power supply, ensuring a cleaner signal.

MASER stands for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a device that amplifies microwaves by stimulating atoms to emit photons of the same frequency.

A photon is a tiny packet of light energy. It acts like both a wave and a particle, hence, it's called a wave packet. It carries a specific amount of energy, depending on its frequency.

The wavelength of light determines its color. Shorter wavelengths correspond to bluer colors, while longer wavelengths correspond to redder colors.

Albert Einstein first proposed the concept of stimulated emission in 1917. This theory is fundamental to understanding how lasers work.

Lasers used in fiber optic communication systems transmit data by pulsing the laser beam with high speed. This allows for efficient and fast transmission of large amounts of information.

CD and DVD players utilize semiconductor lasers. These lasers are small, efficient, and can be precisely controlled for reading the data stored on the disc.

Laser printers use lasers because they can be focused into very small, precise spots. This allows for high resolution printing, creating sharp images.

As the wavelength of laser light becomes longer, the laser beam can be focused to larger spot sizes. This is because longer wavelengths have less diffraction, making them spread out more.

The image formed by the retina of the human eye is a real and inverted image.

The ciliary muscles in the eye are responsible for changing the focal length of the lens, allowing us to focus on objects at different distances.

The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult with normal vision is approximately 25 centimeters.

Persistence of vision in the human eye is the phenomenon where the image of an object persists on the retina for a brief period of time after the object has disappeared, about 1/16th of a second.

Rod cells in the retina are highly sensitive to the intensity of light and responsible for vision in low light conditions. They help us perceive the brightness of objects.

The phenomenon of refraction, the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, is essential for the working of the human eye.

Red light is scattered the least by particles like fog, dust, or smoke, making it the color that travels furthest in these conditions and thus appears more visible.

The iris, the colored part of the eye, acts like a diaphragm, controlling the amount of light entering the pupil. It expands or contracts based on the intensity of light.