Cardiovascular Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of LDL in the body?

  • To produce bile acids in the liver
  • To remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
  • To inhibit the manufacture of cholesterol
  • To transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues (correct)

    • What is the mechanism of action of antihyperlipidemic drugs?

  • Enhancing the excretion of cholesterol
  • Increasing the loss of bile acids (correct)
  • Reducing the absorption of dietary fats
  • Inhibiting the breakdown of cholesterol

    • What is a potential adverse reaction of antihyperlipidemic drugs?

  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation (correct)
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue

    • What is the term for the formation of a clot in a blood vessel?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream?

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of reducing LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'good' cholesterol?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of a thrombus breaking loose and traveling to a smaller vessel?

    <p>Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Peripheral Vasodilating drugs?

    <p>Increasing the production of nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a class of Anti-Hypertensive drugs that works by blocking the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme?

    <p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Hyperlipidemia treatment?

    <p>Reducing LDL cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for Hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lipids in the body?

    <p>Building and maintaining cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Elevated levels of triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Antihypertensive drugs?

    <p>Reducing peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of cardiotonics in treating heart failure?

    <p>Increasing cardiac contraction force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to antiarrhythmic drugs?

    <p>Weakness and drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Deposits of fatty plaques on artery walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used to treat cardiac arrhythmias?

    <p>Antiarrhythmic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating cardiac arrhythmias?

    <p>Restoring normal cardiac function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a disturbed or irregular heart rate or rhythm?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of peripheral vasodilators?

    <p>Reducing peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use of cardiotonics?

    <p>Treating heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of peripheral vasodilators?

    <p>Dilating blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Less than 120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antihypertensive drugs?

    <p>Lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antihypertensive drug increases sodium excretion from the body?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse reaction of peripheral vasodilators?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of unmanaged hypertension?

    <p>Increased risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihypertensive drugs works by inhibiting the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating hypertension?

    <p>Reduce the risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anticoagulant drugs like Warfarin and Heparin?

    <p>Inhibiting conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of thrombolytic drugs?

    <p>Dissolving blood clots to reopen blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of anticoagulant drugs?

    <p>Mild to severe bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the oral anticoagulant mentioned in the text?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary condition that thrombolytic drugs are effective in treating?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the injectable anticoagulant mentioned in the text?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another use of anticoagulant drugs besides preventing and treating thrombotic events?

    <p>Preventing cerebral thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of anticoagulant drugs besides bleeding?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants?

    <p>Inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the same neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of antidepressants inhibit the uptake of serotonin into the same neuron?

    <p>Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of some antidepressants that block the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters?

    <p>CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants inhibit the enzymes that can destroy neurotransmitters?

    <p>Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of antidepressants are mentioned in the text?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibiting the activity of Monoamine Oxidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a therapeutic use of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants is used to manage Depression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors' mechanism of action on CNS stimulation?

    <p>The patient will experience an increase in CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in movement, attention, and emotion?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a serotonin deficiency?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in alertness?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a dopamine deficiency?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in mood regulation?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of non-benzodiazepine on nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Inhibits impulses from entering the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between barbiturates and benzodiazepine when given together?

    <p>The chloride channel remains open for a very long time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another use of non-benzodiazepine besides treating anxiety disorders?

    <p>Sedatives and muscle relaxant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of non-benzodiazepine?

    <p>Acts on the brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of non-benzodiazepine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of agonist drugs on neurotransmitters?

    <p>They mimic the action of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of CNS stimulants on the respiratory center in carotid arteries?

    <p>They stimulate the respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of CNS stimulants?

    <p>To treat respiratory depression and relieve fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of reuptake inhibitor drugs on neurotransmitters?

    <p>They increase the concentration of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of barbiturates?

    <p>To treat insomnia or as a surgical anesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of barbiturates?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Increase or help the effects of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of anti-anxiety drugs?

    <p>To treat anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on the CNS?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Mechanism of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on respiration?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of barbiturates in surgery?

    <p>To prepare the patient for surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of long-term use of barbiturates?

    <p>Decreased efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse reaction of barbiturates on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Bradycardia and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sedatives on a patient?

    <p>Produce a relaxing and calming effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?

    <p>They increase the length of time of chloride channel remains open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action of ultrashort-acting barbiturates?

    <p>20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on impulse transmission?

    <p>It slows down impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hypnotics on a patient?

    <p>They induce sleep and allow the patient to stay asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) on neurotransmitters?

    <p>Inhibit the activity of Monoamine Oxidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors' mechanism of action on CNS stimulation?

    <p>The patient will become excited and relieve from depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?

    <p>To manage Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the therapeutic uses of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and barbiturates?

    <p>MAOIs are used to manage Depression, while barbiturates are used as anticonvulsants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Dopaminergic drugs?

    <p>Increase the production of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Anesthetic drugs?

    <p>To induce anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>Decrease the production of acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Anti-parkinsonism drugs?

    <p>To treat signs and symptoms of parkinsonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Anesthetic drugs on nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Temporarily inhibit nerve impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the chloride channel remaining open for a very long time?

    <p>Nerve impulse transmission is totally stopped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-benzodiazepines on the brain?

    <p>They block dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Treating anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between benzodiazepines and barbiturates when given together?

    <p>Barbiturates keep the chloride channel open for a very long time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Block dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Increase the effects of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on impulse transmission?

    <p>Decrease impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates and benzodiazepines compare in terms of mechanism of action?

    <p>They have similar mechanisms of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Treatment of anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of barbiturates?

    <p>Preparation for surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on the chloride channel?

    <p>They increase the length of time the channel remains open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of hypnotics?

    <p>To induce sleep and allow the patient to stay asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates facilitate the action of GABA?

    <p>By increasing the duration of GABA's action on its receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between barbiturates and non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Their mechanism of action on GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>To treat anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants?

    <p>Inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the same neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit the uptake of serotonin into the same neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of some antidepressants that block the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters?

    <p>Increased CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors on neurotransmitters?

    <p>Inhibit the breakdown of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of antidepressants that inhibit the uptake of serotonin into the same neuron?

    <p>Treatment of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs?

    <p>Reduce the excitability of the neurons in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of antiepileptic drugs?

    <p>To relieve seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of epilepsy?

    <p>A permanent seizure disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Deficiency of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine within the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treating Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To relieve the symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of antiepileptic drugs on neurons?

    <p>Reduce the excitability of the neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Epilepsy is a seizure disorder, while Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of anti-parkinsonism drugs?

    <p>To relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a seizure?

    <p>A periodic attack of coordinated but inappropriate movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) on neurotransmitters?

    <p>Inhibit the activity of Monoamine Oxidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

    <p>To manage Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse reaction of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on impulse transmission?

    <p>Decreases CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) compare to non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>MAOIs inhibit the enzyme that destroys neurotransmitters, while non-benzodiazepines enhance the release of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Dopaminergic drugs?

    <p>Promote the activation of dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of anesthetic drugs on nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Temporarily inhibit nerve impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anesthetic is used to induce a loss of sensation in a specific area of the body?

    <p>Local anesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Anti-parkinsonism drugs?

    <p>To treat signs and symptoms of parkinsonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>Decrease the production of acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chloride ions entering the cell when barbiturates and benzodiazepines are given together?

    <p>Nerve impulse transmission is completely stopped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>They act on the brain's dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>To treat anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates and non-benzodiazepines differ?

    <p>Barbiturates act on GABA receptors, while non-benzodiazepines act on dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>It stops nerve impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on the chloride channel?

    <p>It opens the chloride channel for a long period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of barbiturates on the chloride channel?

    <p>Increasing the length of time it remains open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do benzodiazepines and barbiturates compare in terms of their mechanism of action on GABA?

    <p>They both increase the effects of GABA but have different mechanisms of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of sedatives?

    <p>To produce a calming and relaxing effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates facilitate the action of GABA?

    <p>By enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>To treat anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Their duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates facilitate the action of GABA?

    <p>By increasing the effects of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-anxiety drugs?

    <p>Increasing the effects of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of hypnotics?

    <p>To induce sleep and maintain sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?

    <p>Inhibit the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the same neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on impulse transmission?

    <p>It inhibits the transmission of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do barbiturates compare to non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Non-benzodiazepines are safer than barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Treatment of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of antidepressants on the CNS?

    <p>It leads to CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs?

    <p>Reduce the excitability of neurons in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GABA on impulse transmission?

    <p>It decreases the impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between barbiturates and non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>Barbiturates have a different mechanism of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>To treat anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs in relieving seizures?

    <p>They reduce the excitability of neurons in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of antiepileptic drugs?

    <p>To relieve seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of barbiturates on the chloride channel?

    <p>They increase the flow of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between barbiturates and non-benzodiazepines in terms of their effect on the chloride channel?

    <p>Both barbiturates and non-benzodiazepines increase the flow of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of non-benzodiazepines?

    <p>They increase the flow of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy?

    <p>To relieve seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System

    • The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • Function of cardiovascular system: supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, remove toxic waste products, regulate body temperature.

    Hyperlipidemia

    • Hyperlipidemia: increased blood lipids (cholesterol or triglycerides) carried by lipid-containing proteins (lipoproteins).
    • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): "bad cholesterol", transports cholesterol to cells and releases excess cholesterol into blood, causing hyperlipidemia.
    • High-density lipoprotein (HDL): "good cholesterol".
    • Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs: increase loss of bile acids, inhibit cholesterol manufacture, and cause cholesterol breakdown.
    • Uses: reduce LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.
    • Adverse reactions: constipation, hemorrhoids, vitamin A and D deficiencies, abdominal pain, gallbladder stones.

    Thrombosis and Embolism

    • Thrombosis: formation of a clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel.
    • Embolism: when a thrombus detaches from the blood vessel wall and enters a smaller vessel.
    • Examples: deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction.

    Cardiovascular Drugs

    • Cardiotonics: used to treat heart failure, increase heart muscle contraction.
    • Antiarrhythmic drugs: restore normal cardiac function, prevent arrhythmias.
    • Peripheral vasodilators: used to treat atherosclerosis, dilate blood vessels.
    • Antihypertensive drugs: reduce blood pressure.

    Anticoagulants and Thrombolytic Drugs

    • Anticoagulants: prevent thrombosis, interact with blood clotting mechanism.
    • Thrombolytic drugs: dissolve blood clots, used to treat acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

    Neurotransmitters and Nerve Impulse Transmission

    • Neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, involved in movement, mood, hunger, sleep, and attention.
    • Deficiency in neurotransmitters can cause Parkinson's disease, depression.

    Antidepressant Drugs

    • Used to manage depression, relieve pain, prevent migraines, and treat premenstrual syndrome.
    • MOA: block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, increase CNS stimulation.
    • Examples: Tricyclic antidepressants, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs).

    Sedatives and Hypnotics

    • Sedatives: produce a relaxing and calming effect, do not produce sleep.
    • Hypnotics: induce sleep, allow patients to fall asleep and stay asleep.
    • MOA: facilitate the action of GABA, increase the length of time chloride channels remain open.
    • Examples: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines.

    Anti-Anxiety Drugs

    • Used to treat anxiety disorders, produce a calming effect.
    • MOA: increase or help the effects of GABA, inhibit impulse transmission, cause CNS depression.
    • Examples: Benzodiazepines, Non-benzodiazepines.

    Antiparkinsonism Drugs

    • Used to treat signs and symptoms of Parkinsonism.
    • Dopaminergic drugs: increase dopamine production, promote activation of dopamine receptors.
    • Anticholinergic drugs: decrease acetylcholine production, prevent activation of acetylcholine receptors.

    Anesthesia and Anesthetic Drugs

    • Anesthesia: loss of feeling or sensation.
    • Anesthetic drugs: temporarily inhibit nerve impulse transmission, especially pain impulse, to the brain.
    • Types of anesthesia: local, topical, local infiltration, general, regional anesthesia.### Sedatives and Hypnotics
    • Sedatives: drugs that produce a relaxing and calming effect, can make patients drowsy but do not produce sleep
    • Hypnotics: drugs that induce sleep, allow patients to fall asleep and stay asleep

    Mechanism of Action of Benzodiazepines

    • Increase the effects of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
    • Chloride channel opened for a long period of time, inhibiting impulse transmission and causing CNS depression

    Barbiturates

    • MOA: facilitate the action of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter), increasing the length of time the chloride channel remains open
    • High number of chloride ions inhibit impulse transmission, causing CNS depression
    • Effects: CNS depression, mild sedation, hypnosis (sleep), deep coma, and respiratory depression
    • Effects diminish after approximately 2 weeks
    • Therapeutic uses: treat insomnia (sleeping disorder), given the night before the operation to prepare the patient for surgery
    • Adverse reactions: CNS depression, sedation, and hallucination; respiratory depression; gastrointestinal nausea and vomiting; cardiovascular bradycardia and hypotension; hypersensitivity rash and fever

    Anti-anxiety Drugs (Tranquilizers)

    • Anxiety: feeling of apprehension, worry, or uneasiness that may not be based on reality
    • Excess anxiety interferes with day-to-day functioning and can cause undue stress
    • Drug used to treat anxiety: anti-anxiety drugs (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines)

    Anti-depressant Drugs

    • Depression: most common psychiatric disorder, characterized by feelings of intense sadness, helplessness, worthlessness, and impaired functioning
    • There are 4 types of anti-depressants: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and miscellaneous unrelated drugs
    • MOA: some antidepressants block the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters, causing CNS stimulation and relief from depression
    • Examples of antidepressants: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) inhibit uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the same neuron; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit the uptake of serotonin into the same neuron
    • Adverse reactions: excessive CNS stimulation, headache, dizziness, insomnia, hyperactivity, excitements, and nervousness

    Epilepsy

    • Epilepsy: disorder of CNS in which patients may have convulsion or seizures
    • Seizure: periodic attack of disturbed cerebral function (repeated coordinated but inappropriate movements)
    • Epilepsy is defined as a permanent seizure disorder
    • Antiepileptic drugs: MOA reduces the excitability of neurons (nerve cells) in the brain, resulting in reduced seizure
    • Uses: to relieve seizure
    • Adverse reactions: nausea and vomiting, constipation, hepatotoxicity

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Parkinsonism: neurological disorder of muscle movement, caused by deficiency of dopamine and excess of acetylcholine within the CNS
    • Parkinson disease affects the part of the brain that controls muscle movements
    • Symptoms: tremor, muscular rigidity, and difficulty in walking
    • No cure for Parkinson disease, but symptoms can be relieved using anti-parkinsonism drugs
    • MOA: increase the production of dopamine, promote the activation of dopamine receptors, decrease the production of acetylcholine, and prevent the activation of acetylcholine receptors

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