Cardiovascular Pharmacology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of lidocaine in treating cardiac dysrhythmias?

  • Shortens the repolarization phase (correct)
  • Increases cardiac output
  • Enhances automaticity
  • Decreases heart rate

Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with propranolol?

  • Tinnitus
  • Respiratory depression
  • Visual impairment
  • Fatigue (correct)

What is a significant contraindication for the use of lidocaine?

  • Diabetes
  • Second-degree heart block (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Asthma

What is a black box warning associated with propranolol?

<p>Exacerbation of cardiac ischemia upon abrupt discontinuation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is utilized for the maintenance of sinus rhythm and is both a potassium and beta blocker?

<p>Amiodarone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in patients taking sotalol?

<p>Cardiac rhythm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Dofetilide?

<p>Blocks calcium channels in the heart's SA and AV nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with Dofetilide?

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset time for amiodarone to take effect?

<p>2-3 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with amiodarone?

<p>Cardiogenic shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is Dofetilide contraindicated?

<p>Hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring is essential when administering Dofetilide?

<p>Blood pressure and heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the effect of Dofetilide last after administration?

<p>Up to 6 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of Nifedipine?

<p>Stable angina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for Digoxin?

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored closely when administering Sacubitril/Valsartan?

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Nifedipine have on heart rate?

<p>Does not affect heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect of Digoxin?

<p>Visual changes like yellow-green halos (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is contraindicated for Sacubitril/Valsartan?

<p>Children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing consideration is important for Nifedipine?

<p>Avoid grapefruit juice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

<p>Blocks release of aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary uses of Rivaroxaban?

<p>Treatment of venous thromboembolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Clopidogrel?

<p>Inhibiting platelet aggregation by blocking the ADP receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key contraindication for the use of Protamine sulfate?

<p>Active bleeding conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which use of Tranexamic acid is indicated?

<p>Preventing bleeding during tooth extraction in hemophilia patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Clopidogrel?

<p>Pruritus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Heparin?

<p>Preventing DVT and pulmonary embolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of Warfarin?

<p>Inhibits vitamin K synthesis for clotting factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common adverse effect is associated with Enoxaparin?

<p>Thrombocytopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using Dabigatran?

<p>Presence of hemodialysis patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the antidote for excessive bleeding caused by Warfarin?

<p>Vitamin K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing consideration is crucial when administering Heparin?

<p>Monitor potassium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Dabigatran?

<p>Gastritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should Warfarin be taken to maximize absorption?

<p>On an empty stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of ipratropium?

<p>Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for using beclomethasone?

<p>Recent nasal surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with montelukast?

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ibuprofen primarily categorized?

<p>NSAID (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharmacokinetic property of beclomethasone regarding its peak effect?

<p>Peaks in 1-2 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically noted as a black box warning for montelukast?

<p>Neuropsychiatric events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used for the treatment of bronchoconstriction?

<p>Ipratropium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nursing consideration for administering beclomethasone?

<p>Rinse mouth after use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of cetirizine?

<p>Competes with histamine for binding to receptor sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of fexofenadine?

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should cetirizine be discontinued at least 4 days before allergy testing?

<p>It can interfere with the test results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is indicated for the treatment of bronchospasm in asthma?

<p>Albuterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of albuterol?

<p>Coronary artery disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key pharmacokinetic characteristic of fexofenadine?

<p>95% of unchanged drug is excreted in bile and urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is formoterol?

<p>Long-acting bronchodilator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cetirizine is true?

<p>It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of excretion for Ampicillin?

<p>Excreted in the urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for using Ketorolac?

<p>History of gastrointestinal bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with Aminoglycosides?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary uses for Ampicillin?

<p>Broad spectrum bacterial infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated for patients with hypersensitivity?

<p>Aminoglycosides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common general adverse effect of medications listed?

<p>Dry mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used for pain relief?

<p>Ketorolac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the adverse effects of Ampicillin?

<p>Hypokalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important assessment when monitoring a patient on gabapentin?

<p>Check WBC count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drug interaction with carbidopa-levodopa?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with oxybutinin use?

<p>Blurred vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing consideration is important for a patient taking oxybutinin?

<p>Assess for urinary retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary consideration should be taken into account when administering carbidopa-levodopa?

<p>Do not take with iron supplements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the adverse effects of prednisone?

<p>Moon face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for rapid-acting insulin (Apidra)?

<p>3–5 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect of metformin?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abnormality is associated with the use of phenytoin?

<p>Gingival hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be avoided when taking levetiracetam?

<p>Operating heavy machinery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak time for short-acting insulin (Humulin R)?

<p>4–10 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication can delay wound healing by increasing blood sugar levels?

<p>Prednisone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration for patients taking phenytoin?

<p>Oral contraceptive effectiveness may be reduced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the mechanism of action of dofetilide?

Dofetilide blocks calcium channels in the heart's SA and AV nodes, which regulates the heart rhythm.

How is dofetilide processed in the body?

Dofetilide is absorbed in the gut (GI), processed in the liver, and eliminated through the kidneys.

What is the duration of dofetilide's effect?

Dofetilide is effective for approximately 6 hours after administration.

What is dofetilide used for?

Dofetilide treats supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), a rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles.

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What are some common side effects of dofetilide?

Dofetilide can cause side effects including headaches, dizziness, bradycardia (slow heart rate), low blood pressure, palpitations, and digestive issues.

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Sodium Channel Blocker

A medication that helps treat fast heart rhythms (like SVT, VT, and V-fib) by shortening the time it takes for heart cells to recover and reducing their ability to create abnormal heartbeats.

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Beta Blocker

A medication often used to treat fast heart rhythms (like SVT) by slowing down the heart rate and reducing its excitability.

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Abrupt Discontinuation of Beta Blockers

A serious side effect of suddenly stopping beta blocker medication, potentially leading to increased heart problems.

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Potassium Channel Blocker

A medication used to treat a variety of irregular heart rhythms (like SVT, VT, V-fib, atrial flutter, and A-fib) by blocking potassium channels in the heart cells, helping to stabilize the heart rhythm.

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Amiodarone

A medication that can treat a variety of irregular heart rhythms (like VT, V-fib, atrial flutter, and A-fib) and maintain a normal sinus rhythm.

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Pulmonary Toxicity

A serious side effect of Amiodarone that can affect the lungs, potentially leading to shortness of breath and lung complications.

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Sotalol

A medication that can treat a variety of irregular heart rhythms (like SVT, VT, V-fib, atrial flutter, and A-fib) and maintain a normal sinus rhythm.

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Lidocaine

A medication that can treat several rapid heart rhythms, including SVT, VT, and V-fib, by changing the heart's electrical activity and decreasing the excitability of the heart.

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Calcium Channel Blockers

A type of medication that widens blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart and reducing strain on the heart.

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Cardiac Glycosides

A medication that helps strengthen the heart's contractions, improving its ability to pump blood effectively.

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Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNI)

A medication used for chronic heart failure that works by blocking the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and protecting the natriuretic peptide system.

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Nifedipine

A specific calcium channel blocker that dilates blood vessels to treat angina and hypertension.

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Digoxin

A cardiac glycoside used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

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Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entresto)

A combination medication containing sacubitril and valsartan, an ARNI used for treating chronic heart failure.

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Digoxin Toxicity

A potential adverse effect of digoxin, indicating high levels in the body.

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Angioedema

A serious reaction to certain medications that causes swelling in the face, lips, tongue, and throat.

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What is rivaroxaban used for?

Rivaroxaban is used to prevent blood clots in people with atrial fibrillation and to treat and prevent blood clots in the legs and lungs.

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How does clopidogrel work?

Clopidogrel blocks the ADP receptor on platelets, preventing them from sticking together and forming clots.

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What is protamine sulfate used for?

Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin, a blood thinner.

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What is vitamin K used for?

Vitamin K is used to treat minor bleeding in patients taking warfarin, a blood thinner.

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What is tranexamic acid used for?

Tranexamic acid is used to prevent bleeding in people with hemophilia, a bleeding disorder.

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How does Heparin work?

Heparin prevents clots from forming by stopping the activation of thrombin, a key enzyme in the clotting cascade. This is a quick action, working immediately when injected intravenously.

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What is Heparin's lifespan in the body?

Heparin's effects last only a short time as it's quickly broken down by the body. It's eliminated through the kidneys and liver.

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What are the main risks of using Heparin?

Heparin can cause serious complications, including bleeding, a decrease in platelets leading to further clotting (HIT), and even high potassium levels (hyperkalemia).

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What is special about Enoxaparin compared to Heparin?

Enoxaparin is a type of Heparin that is less likely to cause a decrease in platelets compared to regular Heparin.

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How does Warfarin work?

Warfarin works by blocking the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. Vitamin K is needed to synthesize these clotting factors.

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What is Warfarin's lifespan in the body?

Warfarin is absorbed in the stomach and processed by the liver. It's eliminated through the kidneys, taking several days to reach its full effect.

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How does Dabigatran work?

Dabigatran blocks thrombin directly, preventing the formation of blood clots. It's a reversible inhibitor, meaning its effects can be reversed.

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How is Dabigatran eliminated from the body?

Dabigatran is processed in the body through plasma and liver enzymes, and ultimately excreted in the urine.

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What is Ipratropium used for?

Treats bronchoconstriction by blocking acetylcholine receptors in the lungs.

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What is the action of Ipratropium?

It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the airways, relaxing the muscles.

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What is the general action of Corticosteroids?

They reduce inflammation and suppress the release of inflammatory mediators.

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What is Montelukast used for?

It's used for long-term treatment of asthma and allergies.

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How do Propionic Acid Derivatives like Ibuprofen work?

They block COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which are involved in inflammation.

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What's the action of Montelukast?

Decreases bronchoconstriction and inflammation caused by leukotrienes.

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What is the black box warning associated with Montelukast?

It can cause neuropsychiatric events, which is worth noting in patient care.

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What is Beclomethasone used for?

Beclomethasone is used for asthma and early stages of COPD.

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Second Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists

A type of antihistamine that blocks histamine from binding to receptors in the body. It's used to relieve symptoms of allergies like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Unlike older antihistamines, it doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, so it's less likely to cause drowsiness.

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Cetirizine

A specific second-generation H1 receptor antagonist used to relieve allergy symptoms. It's known for being less likely to cause drowsiness compared to older antihistamines.

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Third Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists

A type of antihistamine that blocks histamine from binding to receptors in the body. It's used to relieve symptoms of allergies like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. It doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, making it less likely to cause drowsiness.

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Fexofenadine

A specific third-generation H1 receptor antagonist used to relieve allergy symptoms. It's known for being non-drowsy and effective for treating seasonal allergies.

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Adrenergic Bronchodilators

A type of medication that stimulates beta2 receptors in the lungs, causing the airways to relax and open up. This helps relieve shortness of breath and wheezing in people with asthma.

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Albuterol

A short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator. It's commonly used to treat asthma and other airway diseases, providing quick relief from bronchospasm.

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Long-acting beta2 agonists (LABAs)

A type of adrenergic bronchodilator that acts for a longer period compared to short-acting ones. It's often combined with corticosteroids.

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Salmeterol/fluticasone

A specific LABA often combined with the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone. It's used to control asthma symptoms and prevent asthma attacks.

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What are NSAIDs?

Drugs that reduce inflammation and pain, but do not contain steroids.

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What is a BBW?

A serious warning issued by the FDA for medications that have serious potential risks.

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What is pharmacokinetics?

A medication's journey through the body: how it's absorbed, processed, and removed.

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How is Ampicillin excreted?

The kidneys are the primary route of excretion for ampicillin.

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What is Ampicillin used for?

Ampicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is used to treat various bacterial infections.

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How are Aminoglycosides absorbed?

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed by the body, particularly in the digestive system and central nervous system.

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What are Aminoglycosides used for?

Aminoglycosides are primarily used for severe infections, including those affecting the bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract, abdominal cavity, and bones.

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What is Ketorolac used for?

Ketorolac, an NSAID, is used for pain relief.

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What is Gabapentin?

Gabapentin is often used to manage conditions like nerve pain (neuropathy), seizures, and restless leg syndrome. It's a medication that helps balance certain chemicals in the brain, but it can have side effects like dizziness, drowsiness, and changes in behavior.

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What is Carbidopa-Levodopa used for?

Carbidopa-Levodopa is a combination medication used primarily for Parkinson's disease. It helps increase dopamine levels in the brain, improving movement and reducing tremors. However, it can cause side effects like nausea, dizziness, and even heart problems.

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What is Oxybutinin used for?

Oxybutinin is used to manage overactive bladder symptoms, such as frequent urination, urgency, and incontinence. It works by relaxing the bladder muscles, but can cause side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, and drowsiness.

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Why is close monitoring important for patients on Carbidopa-Levodopa?

It's important to monitor patients taking Carbidopa-Levodopa for potential interactions with other medications. Certain medications can increase the risk of side effects, such as high blood pressure or heart problems. Careful monitoring is key.

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What are some essential nursing assessments for patients taking Gabapentin?

When administering Gabapentin, it's crucial to monitor blood cell counts and blood sugar levels. It's also important to observe for changes in behavior and be aware of the risk of allergic reactions and central nervous system depression.

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What is Prednisone used for?

Prednisone is a corticosteroid medication used to treat a variety of conditions, including adrenal insufficiency, inflammatory disorders, autoimmune reactions, and allergic reactions.

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What are some potential side effects of Prednisone?

Prednisone can cause several side effects, including moon face, weight gain, acne, high blood pressure, accelerated atherosclerosis, increased risk of thrombophlebitis and embolism.

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How does rapid-acting insulin work?

Rapid-acting insulin, such as Apidra, works quickly, with an onset of 5-15 minutes and peaks in effect within 30-120 minutes. Its duration of action is about 3-5 hours.

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What are some potential side effects of Metformin?

Metformin is a medication commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. However, it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, chills, palpitations, gastrointestinal upset, hypoglycemia, dyspnea, and diaphoresis.

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What are some possible side effects of Phenytoin?

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat seizures. However, it can cause a range of side effects, including gingival hyperplasia, ataxia, drowsiness, lethargy, nausea/vomiting, osteoporosis, hepatitis, nephritis, bone marrow depression, and mental confusion.

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What are important considerations when taking Levetiracetam?

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant medication used to manage seizures. To minimize potential risks, it is important to follow certain guidelines: Do not crush or chew the medication, do not stop abruptly, use contraceptives, schedule eye examinations annually, and avoid operating heavy machinery.

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How can Prednisone affect blood sugar and wound healing?

Prednisone can increase blood sugar levels, which may necessitate monitoring blood glucose levels. Prednisone can also delay wound healing.

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What are important monitoring considerations when taking Prednisone?

When taking Prednisone, it is important to monitor blood pressure, change positions frequently, assess for signs of DVT, and keep a close eye on sodium and fat intake. Additionally, be vigilant for signs of infection.

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