100 Questions
Which classification system is commonly used for heart failure?
Classes I - IV
What is the normal range for cardiac index?
2.2 - 4 L/min/m2
What is the most common cause of chronic heart failure?
Coronary artery disease
What is the primary mechanism involved in heart failure with low cardiac output?
Volume overload
Which adaptive response helps maintain heart function in heart failure?
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system
What is the most common cause of myocardial remodeling in heart failure?
Ischemic injury
Which symptom is an early subjective finding of heart failure?
Dyspnea
Which physical finding is commonly associated with heart failure?
Heart gallop
Which diagnostic test is essential for the diagnosis of heart failure?
Echocardiogram
What is the primary goal of heart failure management?
Manage the symptoms
Which therapy is most commonly used for the management of heart failure?
Cardiac Resynchronization therapy (CRT)
Which factor is associated with a poor prognosis in heart failure?
EF lower than 25%
Which medication should be continued during anesthesia in heart failure patients?
Beta blockers
Which type of anesthesia can be used in heart failure patients?
Volatile anesthesia
What is the most important focus in the emergency phase of acute heart failure therapy?
Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors
What is the mortality rate during the first 4 years after the diagnosis of heart failure?
Around 40%
Which therapy is not commonly used for the management of heart failure?
Renal metabolism
Which medication should be discontinued 24 hours before surgery in heart failure patients?
Digoxin
Which factor is not associated with a poor prognosis in heart failure?
EF higher than 25%
Which phase of heart failure therapy focuses on emergency management?
Emergency phase
Which equation represents the calculation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = HR x SV
What are the three main factors that control heart rate (HR)?
Autonomic nervous system, hormonal control, and preload
What is the definition of congestive heart failure?
It is the pathophysiological process in which the heart is unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the tissue.
What are the possible causes of congestive heart failure?
Impaired myocardial contractility, cardiac valve abnormalities, and systemic hypertension
What are the different forms or characteristics of heart failure?
Systolic vs Diastolic, Acute vs Chronic, and Left vs Right
What is the equation for calculating vascular systemic resistance (SvR)?
SvR = mean arterial pressure (MAP) / cardiac output (CO)
What is the management approach for a patient with congestive heart failure?
Observation
What does the abbreviation "H SUR" stand for in the text?
Hypertensive heart disease
What is the term used to describe the persistent opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery?
Patent ductus arteriosus
What is the purpose of cardioversion?
To restore normal heart rhythm
Which equation represents the calculation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = HR imes SV
What are the three main factors that control heart rate (HR)?
Autonomic nervous system, hormonal control, and preload
What is the most common cause of chronic heart failure?
Systemic hypertension
Which diagnostic test is essential for the diagnosis of heart failure?
Echocardiogram
What is the purpose of cardioversion?
To restore normal heart rhythm
What does the abbreviation 'H SUR' stand for in the text?
High systemic vascular resistance
Which classification system is commonly used for heart failure?
ACC and AHA 2005
What is the most common cause of chronic heart failure?
Coronary artery disease
What is the normal range for cardiac index?
2.2 – 4 L/min/m2
Which medication should be discontinued 24 hours before surgery in heart failure patients?
Beta blockers
What is the primary goal of heart failure management?
To reverse pathophysiologic alterations
Which diagnostic test is essential for the diagnosis of heart failure?
ECG
Which of the following is a surgical therapy option for the management of heart failure?
Cardiac Resynchronization therapy (CRT)
Which of the following is a mechanical device used in the management of acute heart failure?
Biventricular pacing
What is the most common cause of death in heart failure patients in the United States?
Kidney failure
Which factor is associated with a poor prognosis in heart failure?
Presence of multifocal premature ventricular contractions
Which medication should be continued during anesthesia in heart failure patients?
Beta blockers
Which phase of heart failure is often encountered in the perioperative and/or operating room?
Emergency phase
What is the mortality rate during the first 4 years after the diagnosis of heart failure?
40%
Which medication should be discontinued 24 hours before surgery in heart failure patients?
ACE inhibitors
Which of the following is a characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Normal ventricular wall thickness
What is the primary means of relieving the signs and symptoms of HCM?
Pharmacologic therapy
Which drug or event improves left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in HCM?
Decreased myocardial contractility
Which diagnostic test is essential for the diagnosis of HCM?
Echocardiogram
Which medication should be continued during anesthesia in patients with HCM?
Beta blockers
Which of the following is a common symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Atrial fibrillation
What is the main pathophysiologic determinant of cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary hypertension
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess right atrial and right ventricular hypertrophy in cor pulmonale?
ECG
What is the most common cause of cor pulmonale?
COPD
What is the prognosis of secondary cardiomyopathy with restrictive physiology?
Very poor
Which of the following is a characteristic of cardiomyopathies?
They are diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction.
What is the most common form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Hypertrophy of the septum and anterolateral free wall.
What is the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
1 in 500.
How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) transmitted?
As an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance.
What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in the absence of any other cardiac disease.
Which type of cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of heart failure?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the estimated incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy?
1 in 3000 live births
Which factor is NOT associated with a poor prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy?
Systemic hypotension
Which treatment option is teratogenic but can be useful following delivery in peripartum cardiomyopathy?
ACE inhibitors
What is the primary mechanism involved in heart failure with low cardiac output?
Decreased contractility
Which of the following is a common treatment goal for right-sided heart failure in patients with COPD?
Maintaining arterial oxygenation above 60 mm Hg
What is the prognosis for patients with COPD and mild pulmonary hypertension?
Favorable
Which of the following is NOT recommended for anesthesia management in patients with cor pulmonale?
Monitoring respiratory and cardiovascular status in the postoperative period
What is the principal pathophysiologic derangement in the development and progression of heart failure?
Ventricular remodeling
What is the most common cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Genetic factors
Which factor can induce left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Hypovolemia
What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the recommended treatment for outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Phenylephrine
What is cor pulmonale?
Right ventricular enlargement
What is the most important determinant of the development of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in patients with chronic lung disease?
Alveolar hypoxia
Which of the following is a key feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Increased left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction
Which event may worsen left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Increased myocardial contractility
Which medication should be continued during anesthesia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Beta blockers
Which of the following is true about cardiomyopathies?
They can be confined to the heart or part of generalized systemic disorders
What is the most common form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Hypertrophy of the septum and anterolateral free wall
What is the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
1 in 500
Which type of cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of heart failure?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Which diagnostic test is essential for the diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Echocardiogram
What is the estimated incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy?
1 in 3000 to 1 in 4000 live births
Which of the following is a common symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Pulmonary congestion
What is the most common cause of cor pulmonale?
COPD
Which diagnostic test can be used to identify right atrial and right ventricular hypertrophy in cor pulmonale?
ECG
Which of the following is a characteristic of cor pulmonale?
It is characterized by dyspnea and fatigue as specific symptoms.
What is the primary treatment goal in patients with cor pulmonale?
Decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure.
Which medication should be avoided during anesthesia in patients with cor pulmonale?
Muscle relaxants associated with histamine release
Which medication is commonly used to increase afterload in the management of outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Phenylephrine
What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and the second most common cause of heart failure?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is the main pathophysiologic determinant of the development of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in patients with chronic lung disease?
Alveolar hypoxia
What is the best available treatment to improve the prognosis in patients with chronic lung disease and cor pulmonale?
Long-term oxygen therapy
What is right ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy and/or dilation) that may progress to right-sided heart failure called?
Cor pulmonale
Test your knowledge of congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiomyopathies, and the control of heart rate and stroke volume in this cardiovascular pathophysiology quiz.
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