Cardiovascular Medications Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which chamber does the mitral valve connect?

  • Right atrium and right ventricle
  • Left atrium and right ventricle
  • Right atrium and left ventricle
  • Left atrium and left ventricle (correct)

    • When does the mitral valve open?

  • During systole
  • At the end of the cardiac cycle
  • At the beginning of the cardiac cycle
  • During diastole (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

  • Rheumatic fever (correct)
  • Congenital heart defect
  • Hypertension
  • Atherosclerosis

    • What are the typical characteristics of mitral valve leaflets in patients with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Thickened and fused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitral valve during systole?

    <p>Prevents backflow to the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural history of mitral stenosis typically like?

    <p>Progressive acceleration in later years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?

    <p>Amiodarone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prophylaxis for the prevention of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does secondary prevention continue in patients with carditis?

    <p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a common cause of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes acute mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary etiology of chronic primary mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Degenerative mitral valve disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acquired mitral valve disease in the Western world?

    <p>Mitral valve prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology of chronic decompensated mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Progressive dilation of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis of patients with acute regurgitation?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock and acute pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes MVP (mitral valve prolapse)?

    <p>Myxomatous degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can occur due to balloon valvulotomy in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Increased left atrial pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive treatment for mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Mitral valve replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of medical treatment for acute primary MR?

    <p>To improve forward flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to reduce preload and the left ventricular volume?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should not be attempted to alleviate in patients with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition should cardioversion be considered for patients with mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Rapid atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical treatment is considered the optimal choice for mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Mitral valve repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for patients with acute mitral regurgitation secondary to infarction requiring valve replacement and presenting with severe pulmonary edema?

    <p>&gt; 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is not a major complication from chronic regurgitation?

    <p>Ruptured chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of approach is used for transcatheter mitral valve interventions?

    <p>Transseptal approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of vasodilators in the management of acute heart failure?

    <p>To reduce afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an indication for surgical treatment of chronic primary MR?

    <p>Symptomatic patients irrespective of LV systolic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be used to manage rapid atrial fibrillation secondary to chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal area of the mitral valve orifice?

    <p>4-5 cm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the valve area is narrowed to less than 2.5 cm²?

    <p>Impedes the free flow of blood and increases left atrial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does critical mitral stenosis occur?

    <p>When the opening is reduced to 1 cm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 10-year survival rate of untreated patients with mitral stenosis?

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the prevalence of rheumatic fever and mitral stenosis higher?

    <p>Developing nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the decrease in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment of strep throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gender difference in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

    <p>2-3 times more common in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a cause of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Pulmonary tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be present on physical examination of a patient with stenotic mitral valve?

    <p>Palpable systolic thrill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Exertional dyspnea and orthopnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of chronic elevation of pulmonary capillary pressure in mitral stenosis?

    <p>Decreased stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic study of choice for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides better images of the mitral valve and is a more sensitive way to detect pathology such as valvular vegetations or atrial thrombus?

    <p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic findings are associated with imaging studies of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Reduced mitral valve area (MVA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate noninvasive technique to quantify the hemodynamic severity of mitral stenosis?

    <p>Doppler echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an ECG in a patient with significant mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm typically display?

    <p>Left atrial enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is indicated when a discrepancy exists between Doppler-derived hemodynamics and the clinical status in a symptomatic patient?

    <p>Cardiac catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial procedure of choice for symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis?

    <p>Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention is recommended for patients with NYHA FC III-IV symptoms, moderate or severe mitral stenosis, and valve morphology favorable for repair or replacement?

    <p>Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Mitral valve repair or replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pregnancy cause in patients with mitral stenosis?

    <p>Increase in cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly successful way to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm?

    <p>Brief duration of atrial fibrillation (&lt; 6-12 months) and not severely dilated left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapy are medications directed at for mitral stenosis?

    <p>Reducing the incidence and severity of symptoms and complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most likely to be present in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Dyspnea and fatigue progressing to orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with left atrial enlargement in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Atrial fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Apex beat laterally displaced with cardiomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely physical examination finding in acute mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Late inspiratory crackles and bibasilar fine crackles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging study is used to confirm the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom in patients with MVP syndrome?

    <p>Atypical chest pain and anginal-type pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging study provides a better estimate of the severity of damage in mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Transesophageal echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with MVP?

    <p>ST- and T-wave changes with T-wave inversions in the inferior leads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with MVP syndrome?

    <p>Presence of mid-to-late systolic click and a late systolic murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely physical examination finding in chronic mitral regurgitation?

    <p>Constant systolic ejection murmur with a third heart sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

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