Cardiovascular Medications Quiz

Which chamber does the mitral valve connect?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Left atrium and right ventricle

Right atrium and left ventricle

Left atrium and left ventricle (correct)

When does the mitral valve open?

During systole

At the end of the cardiac cycle

At the beginning of the cardiac cycle

During diastole (correct)

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Rheumatic fever (correct)

Congenital heart defect

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis

What are the typical characteristics of mitral valve leaflets in patients with mitral stenosis?

Thickened and fused Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitral valve during systole?

Prevents backflow to the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural history of mitral stenosis typically like?

Progressive acceleration in later years Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?

Amiodarone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary prophylaxis for the prevention of rheumatic fever?

Treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis Signup and view all the answers

How long does secondary prevention continue in patients with carditis?

10 years Signup and view all the answers

What complication is associated with mitral stenosis?

Pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a common cause of mitral regurgitation?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What causes acute mitral regurgitation?

Mitral valve prolapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary etiology of chronic primary mitral regurgitation?

Degenerative mitral valve disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acquired mitral valve disease in the Western world?

Mitral valve prolapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of chronic decompensated mitral regurgitation?

Progressive dilation of the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis of patients with acute regurgitation?

Cardiogenic shock and acute pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What causes MVP (mitral valve prolapse)?

Myxomatous degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What complication can occur due to balloon valvulotomy in mitral stenosis?

Increased left atrial pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive treatment for mitral regurgitation?

Mitral valve replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of medical treatment for acute primary MR?

To improve forward flow Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to reduce preload and the left ventricular volume?

Furosemide Signup and view all the answers

What should not be attempted to alleviate in patients with mitral regurgitation?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

In which condition should cardioversion be considered for patients with mitral regurgitation?

Rapid atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical treatment is considered the optimal choice for mitral regurgitation?

Mitral valve repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate for patients with acute mitral regurgitation secondary to infarction requiring valve replacement and presenting with severe pulmonary edema?

> 60% Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is not a major complication from chronic regurgitation?

Ruptured chordae tendineae Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach is used for transcatheter mitral valve interventions?

Transseptal approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of vasodilators in the management of acute heart failure?

To reduce afterload Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an indication for surgical treatment of chronic primary MR?

Symptomatic patients irrespective of LV systolic function Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be used to manage rapid atrial fibrillation secondary to chronic mitral regurgitation?

Digoxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal area of the mitral valve orifice?

4-5 cm² Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the valve area is narrowed to less than 2.5 cm²?

Impedes the free flow of blood and increases left atrial pressure Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does critical mitral stenosis occur?

When the opening is reduced to 1 cm² Signup and view all the answers

What is the 10-year survival rate of untreated patients with mitral stenosis?

50-60% Signup and view all the answers

Where is the prevalence of rheumatic fever and mitral stenosis higher?

Developing nations Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the decrease in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

Antibiotic treatment of strep throat Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

2-3 times more common in women Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a cause of mitral stenosis?

Pulmonary tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What might be present on physical examination of a patient with stenotic mitral valve?

Palpable systolic thrill Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with mitral stenosis?

Exertional dyspnea and orthopnea Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of chronic elevation of pulmonary capillary pressure in mitral stenosis?

Decreased stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic study of choice for mitral stenosis?

Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides better images of the mitral valve and is a more sensitive way to detect pathology such as valvular vegetations or atrial thrombus?

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic findings are associated with imaging studies of mitral stenosis?

Reduced mitral valve area (MVA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate noninvasive technique to quantify the hemodynamic severity of mitral stenosis?

Doppler echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What does an ECG in a patient with significant mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm typically display?

Left atrial enlargement Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is indicated when a discrepancy exists between Doppler-derived hemodynamics and the clinical status in a symptomatic patient?

Cardiac catheterization Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial procedure of choice for symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis?

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy Signup and view all the answers

What intervention is recommended for patients with NYHA FC III-IV symptoms, moderate or severe mitral stenosis, and valve morphology favorable for repair or replacement?

Surgical intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation?

Mitral valve repair or replacement Signup and view all the answers

What does pregnancy cause in patients with mitral stenosis?

Increase in cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly successful way to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm?

Brief duration of atrial fibrillation (< 6-12 months) and not severely dilated left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What therapy are medications directed at for mitral stenosis?

Reducing the incidence and severity of symptoms and complications Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most likely to be present in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

Dyspnea and fatigue progressing to orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with left atrial enlargement in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

Atrial fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation?

Apex beat laterally displaced with cardiomegaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely physical examination finding in acute mitral regurgitation?

Late inspiratory crackles and bibasilar fine crackles Signup and view all the answers

What imaging study is used to confirm the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation?

Two-dimensional echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

Evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom in patients with MVP syndrome?

Atypical chest pain and anginal-type pain Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging study provides a better estimate of the severity of damage in mitral regurgitation?

Transesophageal echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with MVP?

ST- and T-wave changes with T-wave inversions in the inferior leads Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with MVP syndrome?

Presence of mid-to-late systolic click and a late systolic murmur Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely physical examination finding in chronic mitral regurgitation?

Constant systolic ejection murmur with a third heart sound Signup and view all the answers

Cardiovascular Medications Quiz

Questions and Answers

Which chamber does the mitral valve connect?

When does the mitral valve open?

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

What are the typical characteristics of mitral valve leaflets in patients with mitral stenosis?

What is the function of the mitral valve during systole?

What is the natural history of mitral stenosis typically like?

Which medication is used for rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?

What is the primary prophylaxis for the prevention of rheumatic fever?

How long does secondary prevention continue in patients with carditis?

What complication is associated with mitral stenosis?

Which condition is NOT a common cause of mitral regurgitation?

What causes acute mitral regurgitation?

What is the primary etiology of chronic primary mitral regurgitation?

What is the most common cause of acquired mitral valve disease in the Western world?

What is the pathophysiology of chronic decompensated mitral regurgitation?

What is the prognosis of patients with acute regurgitation?

What causes MVP (mitral valve prolapse)?

What complication can occur due to balloon valvulotomy in mitral stenosis?

What is the definitive treatment for mitral regurgitation?

What is the primary aim of medical treatment for acute primary MR?

Which medication is used to reduce preload and the left ventricular volume?

What should not be attempted to alleviate in patients with mitral regurgitation?

In which condition should cardioversion be considered for patients with mitral regurgitation?

Which surgical treatment is considered the optimal choice for mitral regurgitation?

What is the mortality rate for patients with acute mitral regurgitation secondary to infarction requiring valve replacement and presenting with severe pulmonary edema?

Which complication is not a major complication from chronic regurgitation?

What type of approach is used for transcatheter mitral valve interventions?

What is the primary aim of vasodilators in the management of acute heart failure?

Which condition is an indication for surgical treatment of chronic primary MR?

Which medication should be used to manage rapid atrial fibrillation secondary to chronic mitral regurgitation?

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

What is the normal area of the mitral valve orifice?

What occurs when the valve area is narrowed to less than 2.5 cm²?

At what stage does critical mitral stenosis occur?

What is the 10-year survival rate of untreated patients with mitral stenosis?

Where is the prevalence of rheumatic fever and mitral stenosis higher?

Which factor contributes to the decrease in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

What is the gender difference in the prevalence of mitral stenosis?

Which condition is NOT a cause of mitral stenosis?

What might be present on physical examination of a patient with stenotic mitral valve?

Which symptom is commonly associated with mitral stenosis?

What might be a consequence of chronic elevation of pulmonary capillary pressure in mitral stenosis?

What is the diagnostic study of choice for mitral stenosis?

Which imaging technique provides better images of the mitral valve and is a more sensitive way to detect pathology such as valvular vegetations or atrial thrombus?

Which characteristic findings are associated with imaging studies of mitral stenosis?

What is the most accurate noninvasive technique to quantify the hemodynamic severity of mitral stenosis?

What does an ECG in a patient with significant mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm typically display?

Which procedure is indicated when a discrepancy exists between Doppler-derived hemodynamics and the clinical status in a symptomatic patient?

What is the initial procedure of choice for symptomatic patients with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis?

What intervention is recommended for patients with NYHA FC III-IV symptoms, moderate or severe mitral stenosis, and valve morphology favorable for repair or replacement?

What is recommended for patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation?

What does pregnancy cause in patients with mitral stenosis?

What is the most commonly successful way to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm?

What therapy are medications directed at for mitral stenosis?

Which symptom is most likely to be present in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

What is a common complication associated with left atrial enlargement in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation?

What is the most likely physical examination finding in acute mitral regurgitation?

What imaging study is used to confirm the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation?

What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with chronic mitral regurgitation?

What is a common symptom in patients with MVP syndrome?

Which imaging study provides a better estimate of the severity of damage in mitral regurgitation?

What is a common finding in the electrocardiogram (ECG) of patients with MVP?

What is a characteristic physical finding in patients with MVP syndrome?

What is the most likely physical examination finding in chronic mitral regurgitation?

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