Cardiovascular Health Module 04 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Canadians are reported to be affected by hypertension?

  • 40%
  • 10%
  • 60%
  • 24% (correct)

Which drug class is primarily used in the treatment of heart failure?

  • Analgesics
  • Antihypertensives
  • Diuretics (correct)
  • Antibiotics

Which organ is NOT primarily affected by hypertension?

  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Liver (correct)
  • Brain

By age 80, what is the estimated range of men and women who will have hypertension?

<p>60% to 80% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis primarily target?

<p>Lowering lipid levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from damage to the blood vessels supplying the heart?

<p>Angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a focus of Module 04 content?

<p>Drugs for diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of antihypertensive drugs?

<p>To lower blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antihypertensive drugs play in the management of hypertension?

<p>They control blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with drugs discussed in Module 04?

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of consistently elevated blood pressure?

<p>Damage to blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of coagulation disorders?

<p>Anticoagulants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about angina is correct?

<p>It involves chest pain from insufficient oxygen-rich blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term consequence of untreated hypertension?

<p>Kidney failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological aspect is NOT part of the course outcomes for Module 04?

<p>Describing lipid metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases do drugs discussed for the respiratory system primarily focus on?

<p>Asthma and COPD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of antihypertensive drugs?

<p>To decrease blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a factor in calculating arterial blood pressure?

<p>Blood viscosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg represent?

<p>Systolic pressure/Diastolic pressure during rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation occurs in individuals with hypertension?

<p>Decreased blood vessel elasticity (B), Increased peripheral resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cardiac output (CO) depend on?

<p>Stroke volume and heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines hypertension?

<p>Blood pressure consistently higher than normal for an individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does peripheral resistance play in blood pressure regulation?

<p>It affects the force of blood against arterial walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of heart rate, which range is considered normal for adults?

<p>60-100 beats per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate stroke volume for an adult at rest?

<p>70 mL/beat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?

<p>BP = CO x TPR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood pressure if peripheral arterioles' resistance increases?

<p>Blood pressure will increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what blood pressure threshold is an individual generally diagnosed with hypertension?

<p>140/90 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hypertension often referred to as a silent disease?

<p>It has no observable symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically involved in the moment-to-moment control of blood pressure?

<p>Age of the patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can chronic hypertension lead to?

<p>Increased vascular disease risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cardiac output (CO) relate to stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?

<p>CO = HR x SV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary component that regulates blood pressure in the body?

<p>Hormonal signals (A), Blood volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is primarily used to alter sodium and water balance?

<p>Diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of angina results from a temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle?

<p>Unstable Angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for Nitroglycerin?

<p>Dilates blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a positive inotropic agent commonly used in heart failure treatment?

<p>Digoxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diuretic primarily acts on the loop of Henle?

<p>Loop diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do ACE inhibitors have on blood pressure management?

<p>Inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antihypertensive agents is typically used to manage heart failure symptoms?

<p>β Blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid-lowering agent is known for its ability to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase?

<p>Statins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical first-line treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia?

<p>Statins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do beta-blockers play in treating angina?

<p>Reducing myocardial oxygen demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of renal impairment in patients with heart failure?

<p>Increased blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of coagulation disorders, which pathway is primarily involved in activating fibrinogen?

<p>Intrinsic pathway (B), Extrinsic pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antihypertensive drugs

Drugs that lower blood pressure

Heart failure treatment

Drugs used to manage heart conditions where the heart can't pump effectively.

Abnormal hemostasis

Disorders affecting blood clotting (coagulation).

Atherosclerosis prevention

Drugs used to stop the buildup of plaque in arteries.

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Asthma treatment

Drugs that relieve asthma symptoms.

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COPD treatment

Drugs that treat the symptoms or slow progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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Diuretics

Drugs that increase urine production, often used to lower blood pressure.

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Module 04

Learning module focusing on cardiovascular and respiratory drugs.

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What is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in North America?

Hypertension, also known as chronically high blood pressure, affects approximately 24% of Canadians.

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What are the three main organs affected by hypertension?

Hypertension damages blood vessels in the kidneys, heart, and brain.

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How does hypertension impact the kidneys?

Damaged blood vessels supplying the kidneys can lead to an increased risk of kidney failure.

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How does hypertension affect the heart?

Damaged blood vessels supplying the heart can contribute to heart failure, angina, or stroke.

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What is angina?

Chest pain or discomfort caused by insufficient oxygen-rich blood reaching the heart muscle, often described as pressure or squeezing.

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How does hypertension impact the brain?

Damaged blood vessels supplying the brain can increase the risk of dementia.

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Clinically, how is hypertension managed?

Clinicians use antihypertensive drugs to control hypertension.

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What is the main source for understanding hypertension in Canada?

The study "Epidemiology of hypertension in Canada: An update" by Padwal et al. (2016) provides insights into the prevalence and management of hypertension in Canada.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure, a condition where the force of blood against artery walls is consistently elevated.

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Normal Blood Pressure

Blood pressure within a healthy range.

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Loop Diuretics

Powerful diuretics that work in the loop of Henle in the kidneys.

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Thiazide Diuretics

Moderate-acting diuretics, effective in reducing blood pressure.

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Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Diuretics that reduce potassium loss in the urine.

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ACE Inhibitors

Medications that block the production of a hormone that narrows blood vessels.

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ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers)

Similar to ACE inhibitors but block a different part of the hormone pathway.

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Angina Pectoris

Chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart.

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Organic Nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin)

Medications that relax blood vessels to improve blood flow to the heart.

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β-blockers

Medications that slow heart rate and reduce blood pressure.

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Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications that relax the heart's muscle and blood vessels.

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Heart Failure

A condition where the heart cannot pump blood efficiently.

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Cardiac Glycosides (e.g., digoxin)

Medications that strengthen the heart's pumping ability.

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Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in the arteries.

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What is blood pressure?

The force exerted by circulating blood on the arterial walls. It needs to be within a specific range for optimal health.

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How does age affect blood pressure?

Normal blood pressure increases with age. A younger adult's normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, while older adults may have slightly higher values.

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What is normal blood pressure?

The normal value is 120/80 mmHg for a young adult. It can change slightly based on age.

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What are the two measurements in a blood pressure reading?

The top number is the systolic pressure, measured during heart contraction. The bottom number is the diastolic pressure, measured between heartbeats.

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How is blood pressure regulated?

Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by the heart) and total peripheral resistance (resistance in the blood vessels).

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What is cardiac output (CO)?

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per unit time. It's the same for both the left and right sides of the heart.

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What is heart rate (HR)?

The number of heartbeats per unit time. Normal resting heart rate for adults is 60-100 beats per minute.

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What is the goal of antihypertensive drugs?

To decrease blood pressure by targeting different mechanisms in the body to control blood pressure.

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Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat. At rest, a healthy adult typically pumps about 70 mL per beat.

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Cardiac Output (CO)

The total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It's calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV).

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Blood Pressure (BP)

The force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries. It's determined by cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR).

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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

The resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels, mainly in the arterioles.

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How does CO affect BP?

Increased cardiac output leads to increased blood pressure. More blood pumped per minute creates more pressure on artery walls.

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How does TPR affect BP?

Increased total peripheral resistance results in higher blood pressure. Narrower vessels make it harder for blood to flow, creating more pressure.

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What can hypertension lead to?

Long-term hypertension can damage the heart, kidneys, and brain, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.

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Study Notes

Module 04: Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

  • This module covers different drug classes impacting the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
  • The online modules are the primary learning tool, and the companion guide complements the online slides.
  • If any discrepancies arise between the guide and online module, the online module should be consulted.
  • Do not share the module companion guide with students not enrolled in PHAR 370.
  • This course content is subject to the Queen's University Academic Integrity Policy.

Section 01: Drugs for the Treatment of Hypertension

  • Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant cardiovascular disease prevalent in North America.
  • Chronic high blood pressure damages blood vessels in vital organs: kidneys, heart, and brain.
  • Damage to the kidneys can increase kidney failure risk.
  • Heart damage can lead to heart failure, angina, or stroke.
  • Brain damage may result in dementia.
  • Blood pressure control involves antihypertensive drugs.

Section 02: Drugs for the Treatment of Angina and Heart Failure

  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by narrowed coronary arteries and heart ischemia.
  • Angina pectoris, a common consequence of ischemia, is chest pain accompanied by shortness of breath.
  • Angina is often triggered by exertion, excitement, eating, or exposure to cold.
  • Angina can be treated with organic nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate), Beta blockers (e.g., Propranolol), and calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine).

Section 03: Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Atherosclerosis

  • Atherosclerosis is a common cause of death, involving plaque buildup in arteries, decreasing blood flow.
  • Behavioural risk factors like obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, and hypertension contribute to the condition.
  • Lipoproteins (e.g., chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL) are carriers for lipids in the bloodstream.
  • LDL ("bad" cholesterol) is considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
  • High levels of LDL can be treated using statins (e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin), fibric acid derivatives (e.g., gemfibrozil), bile acid binding resins, or PCSK9 inhibitors (e.g., alirocumab and evolocumab).

Section 04: Drugs for the Treatment of Disorders of Coagulation

  • Hemostasis is a process that stops bleeding after vessel injury.
  • The coagulation cascade involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.
  • Anticoagulants prevent clot formation, while thrombolytics dissolve existing clots.
  • Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
  • Heparin and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are injectable anticoagulants that enhance antithrombin III activity.
  • Platelet inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel) decrease platelet aggregation.

Section 05: Drugs for the Treatment of Asthma and COPD

  • Asthma is an inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by airway narrowing and increased airflow resistance, causing shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing.
  • COPD is a chronic airflow limitation disease, that encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
  • Elevated airway inflammation is a common factor of both conditions.
  • Treatment often involves bronchodilators (e.g., short and long-acting ẞ2 agonists, antimuscarinics), and anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, anti-IgE antibodies).

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PHAR 370 Module 04: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems PDF

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