Cardiovascular Fitness

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of aerobic exercise?

Exclusively focuses on strength training

Requires maintenance of 50% - 80% of max oxygen consumption (correct)

Can only be performed indoors

Involves short bursts of high-intensity activity

What calculation is used to determine the target heart rate for an individual?

Heart rate reserve x resting heart rate

Resting heart rate x stroke volume

Estimated max heart rate - resting heart rate + heart rate range

Heart rate reserve x heart rate range + resting heart rate (correct)

Which statement correctly describes isometric muscle contractions?

They involve lengthening of the muscle while moving joints

Opposing muscles contract without joint movement (correct)

They are performed with variable resistance

They result in a visible change in muscle length

What is the typical resting heart rate range for healthy individuals?

60 - 80 bpm Signup and view all the answers

Which activity would most likely benefit from an isokinetic exercise?

Using a Cybex machine for resistance training Signup and view all the answers

In which heart rate range should post-myocardial infarction patients engage in aerobic activity?

0.60 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by a shortening of the muscle with joint movement?

Concentric Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aerobic activity on a healthy individual's resting heart rate and stroke volume?

Decreases resting heart rate and increases stroke volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Codman's Exercise?

Enhancing shoulder girdle mobility without supraspinatus engagement Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would DeLorme's exercise be most beneficial?

Building muscle strength through progressive resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily treated with Kegel exercises?

Urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Jacobson's therapy?

It is based on progressive muscle relaxation. Signup and view all the answers

For what degree of scoliosis is exercise recommended according to Clayton's exercises?

0 -- 20° Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of supports and braces?

They improve alignment and protect injured areas. Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise targets the gluteus medius muscle?

Side to side glide (ice skating) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is contraindicated for all modalities?

Active tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

In the gait analysis, what is primarily activated during the mid-swing phase?

Quadriceps Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication specific to heat modalities?

Diabetes Mellitus (late stages) Signup and view all the answers

What action is required to stretch a muscle effectively?

Go opposite to its action. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can safely treat infections superficially?

Ultraviolet (UV) light Signup and view all the answers

Which brace is used specifically for postural disorders like idiopathic scoliosis?

Milwaukee brace Signup and view all the answers

For which patient scenario is the use of electrical modalities contraindicated?

Patients with a pacemaker Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a contraindication for heat modalities?

Acne Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common concern with ultrasound therapy?

Infection with suppuration Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific contraindication for applying heat modalities to pregnant patients?

Low back and abdomen exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would contraindicate the use of electrical modalities in patients?

Eye conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary physiological effect of massage therapy on the vascular system?

Increases blood and lymph flow Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a contraindication for massage therapy?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of massage is characterized by deep kneading of muscle tissue, especially useful for trigger points?

Petrissage Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended initial weight for cervical traction therapy?

5% of body weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of traction?

Increases intra-discal pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for utilizing traction therapy?

Disc syndromes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of massage involves percussion techniques such as hacking and cupping?

Tapotement Signup and view all the answers

In what position should the lower cervical region (C2-C7) be placed during traction therapy?

25 - 30° of flexion Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum weight for lumbar traction treatment?

150 pounds Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological effect occurs first during cryotherapy?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

In cryotherapy, what does the 'A' in the acronym 'CBAN' stand for?

Aching Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for cryotherapy?

Frostbite Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage for cryotherapy?

20 minutes every 2 waking hours Signup and view all the answers

What ratio is used in a contrast bath therapy?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infrared therapy must be maintained at a distance of 14-18 inches from the patient?

Shortwave infrared Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of infrared therapy?

Increased vascular supply Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ultrasound treatment?

Deepest heating modality Signup and view all the answers

What type of diathermy is absorbed in muscle due to its affinity for water?

Microwave diathermy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is contraindicated specifically for microwave diathermy?

Otitis media Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is used for patients with burns and involves a thin plastic sleeve?

Hubbert Tanks Signup and view all the answers

What stage is characterized as no redness during a burn examination?

0 degree Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum erythemal dose (MED)?

Every treatment starting point for erythema Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aerobic exercises maintain 50%-80% of max oxygen consumption and 60%-90% of max heart rate for at least 15-20 minutes.
Examples of aerobic exercises include biking, jogging, swimming, and jumping rope; upper body cycling is beneficial for patients with low back pain.
Cardiac output is computed as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume; aerobic activity enhances both resting heart rate and stroke volume.
Healthy individuals typically experience a decrease in resting heart rate and an increase in stroke volume.
Target heart rate can be estimated from the formula: 200 bpm - age.
Heart rate reserve is calculated as estimated max heart rate minus resting heart rate; a healthy resting heart rate is usually 60-80 bpm.
Target heart rate is found by multiplying heart rate reserve by desired heart rate range, then adding resting heart rate.
Sedentary individuals should aim for a heart rate range of 0.60; post-myocardial infarction patients should also use this range; the average person aims for 0.75, while athletes target 0.90.

Terminology

Isometric: Muscle contraction without change in length or joint movement; examples include abdominal bracing and holds.
Isotonic: Muscle changes length with joint movement; includes concentric (muscle shortens, e.g., bicep curl) and eccentric (muscle elongates, e.g., lowering weights).
Isokinetic: Muscle changes length at a constant speed with varying resistance; beneficial for patients with painful arc syndrome.

Exercise Techniques

Codman's/Pendular exercises strengthen shoulder girdle and do not engage the supraspinatus muscle; examples include finger wall-walking.
DeLorme's Exercises: Systematic muscle strengthening using increased resistance over 10 reps for 3 sets.
Kegel Exercises: Strengthen pelvic floor muscles; beneficial for women during pregnancy and for urinary incontinence.
Jacobson's Therapy: Focuses on muscle group awareness and relaxation; uses biofeedback to enhance physical sensations.
Clayton's Exercises: Crawling motions to mobilize the spine; for scoliosis, treatment is based on curve angles (0-20° exercise, 20-40° brace, >40° surgery).
Frenkel's Exercises: Aim to improve coordination through ataxic motion, such as wobble board use.

New Exercises

Deadbug: Engages internal/external obliques and rectus abdominus.
Superman: Targets back extensors.
Bridges: Strengthens glutes.
Planks: Work on abdominal muscles.
Slide Planks: Activate quadratus lumborum.
Shoulder Wall Angel: Enhances shoulder and upper thoracic spine mobility.
Knee Extension Toed Out: Focuses on vastus medialis.

Gait Analysis

Stance Phase: Involves heel strike (anterior and posterior tibialis), midstance (neutral subtalar joint), and toe-off (gastrocnemius and soleus).
Swing Phase: Includes acceleration (quadriceps and iliopsoas), mid-swing (quadriceps), and deceleration (hamstrings); quadriceps are used twice as much as hamstrings.

Supports/Braces

Orthosis: External devices that enhance alignment or immobilize; can be rigid or flexible.
Cervical/Thoracic: Includes halo and cervical braces for spinal support.
Lumbar/Sacroiliac: Various braces manage low back pain and scoliosis; e.g., Milwaukee brace for idiopathic scoliosis.
Extremity Braces: Used for specific injuries such as inversion ankle sprains recognized by figure-eight brace.

Muscle Management

To stretch a muscle, perform the opposite action; to strengthen a muscle, execute its action against resistance.
Upper Cross vs Active Care: Emphasizing patient participation versus passive interventions by the doctor.

Contraindications

General: Systemic hemorrhage is a common contraindication for all modalities.
Heat Modalities: Not applicable for infections, active tuberculosis, or low-back and abdomen issues in pregnant patients.
Electrical Modalities: Pacemaker patients, individuals with localized infections, and certain organ involvement are contraindicated.
Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used superficially for its antibacterial properties, particularly in skin infections.

Mechanical Modalities

Massage: Primarily affects vascular systems; types include effleurage (light stroking), petrissage (kneading), and friction (deep rubbing).
Traction: Effective for various conditions; contraindications include osteoporotic conditions, high-risk pregnancy, and acute muscle spasms.
Dosage for Cervical Traction: Starts at 5% body weight, adjusting up to a maximum of 50 pounds, with specific initial positioning for effectiveness.### Lumbar Traction
Begins at 25% of body weight; increase by a maximum of 5 pounds per treatment up to 150 pounds.
Patient positioned supine with hips and knees flexed to relax muscles and flatten the lumbar curve, termed Goucher's position or 90-90 traction.

Cryotherapy

Cold therapy temperature ranges between 32°F to 65°F, reducing tissue temperature.
Sensory reactions (CBAN): Cold, Burning, Aching, Numbness (remove cold when numbness occurs).
Primary benefit: Decreases cell metabolism.
Local effects include vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation (Hunting-Lewis reaction), decreased metabolic rate, reduced edema, and nerve numbing.
Systemic effects: Increased blood pressure, decreased blood flow.
Indicated for acute injury, inflammation, pain (chronic, post-surgical), edema prevention, neuralgia.
Contraindications include circulatory compromise (Raynaud's, Buerger's), hypersensitivity to cold, frostbite, chilblains, and high blood pressure.
Dosage is 20 minutes every 2 waking hours.

Hot and Cold Baths

Hot Bath: 98°F - 105°F; effects include decreased blood pressure and pain relief.
Cold Bath: 55°F - 65°F; effects include increased muscle tone and energy.
Contrast baths alternate hot and cold, beginning with hot (3:1 ratio), for vascular system pumping.
Specific baths:
- Whirlpool: 20-30 minutes of hot bath.
- Sitz bath: Localized heat for pelvic area.
- Paraffin bath: Treatment for rheumatoid/osteoarthritis.
- Fluidotherapy: Dry whirlpool for vasodilation.
- Hubbert Tanks: For burn patients.

Physiotherapy Modalities

High Frequency: 100,000 Hz or greater; examples include Ultraviolet (superficial) and Infrared.
Medium Frequency: 2,000 - 10,000 Hz; includes interferential modalities.
Low Frequency: 1 - 2,000 Hz; uses electrical modalities such as TENS.
Ultra-Low Frequency: Less than 1 Hz; microcurrent applications.

High Frequency Modalities: Ultraviolet

Action: Thermal and photochemical; penetration is superficial (1-2 mm).
Physiological effects: Erythema (redness, histamine response), increased vitamin D synthesis, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Indications: Various skin conditions (acne, herpes zoster, fungal infections) and bone conditions (rickets, osteomalacia).
Dosage and logistics for UV treatment involve patch testing and adjusting distance/intensity based on patient response.

High Frequency Modalities: Infrared

Action: Thermal; effects include vasodilation, increased circulation, and decreased muscle spasms.
Indicated for conditions such as arthritis, chronic backache, muscle spasms, and inflammatory conditions.
Application includes short and long wave infrared techniques.

Diathermy: Shortwave and Microwave

Action is thermal; penetrates tissue with differing mechanisms (shortwave outward, microwave inward).
Physiological effects: Increased temperature, vasodilation, decreased nerve pain and muscle cramps.
Indications vary between shortwave (e.g., bronchitis, bursitis) and microwave (e.g., hip conditions).
Contraindications include open growth centers, phlebitis, and certain acute conditions.

Ultrasound

Action includes thermal, mechanical (micro-massage), and neural effects.
Penetration is the deepest among modalities (4-8 cm).
Indicated for joint inflammation, sprains, strains, tendonitis, and bursitis.
Contraindications include spinal cord exposure and areas with open epiphyses.

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Description

This quiz reviews essential concepts of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic exercises. It includes definitions, benefits, and examples of workouts that maintain specific heart rate and oxygen consumption levels. Perfect for physical therapy boards preparation.

Cardiovascular Fitness - PT Boards Review