Cardiovascular Examination Techniques
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is associated with the presence of xanthomas?

  • Hypertension
  • Heart Failure
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Hyperlipidaemia (correct)

    • Peripheral cyanosis indicates adequate circulation and oxygenation.

    False

    What cardiovascular condition may be indicated by splinter haemorrhages?

    Infective Endocarditis

    Elevated blood pressure is a common cardiovascular risk factor, often referred to as ____.

    <p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular risk factors with their descriptions:

    <p>Smoking = Increases arterial stiffness Obesity = Associated with metabolic syndrome Sedentary lifestyle = Decreased cardiovascular endurance High cholesterol = Leads to plaque formation in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms can indicate jugular venous pressure issues?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marfan's syndrome is linked to cardiovascular conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one sign of respiratory distress.

    <p>Use of intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xanthomas are associated with high levels of lipids in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of pressure in the jugular veins?

    <p>Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is characterized by a blue discoloration of the extremities and is a sign of reduced oxygenation in the blood.

    <p>Peripheral Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cardiovascular signs with their descriptions:

    <p>Infective Endocarditis = Infection of the heart valves Splinter Hemorrhages = Linear red or brown streaks under the nails Xanthomas = Yellowish deposits of cholesterol under the skin Peripheral Cyanosis = Bluish discoloration due to poor oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular risk factor is associated with smoking?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Splinter hemorrhages can indicate infective endocarditis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one lifestyle change that can help reduce cardiovascular risk.

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The examination position commonly used for JVP measurement is the _____ position.

    <p>Semi-fowler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to cardiovascular health with their definitions:

    <p>Hyperlipidaemia = Abnormally high levels of lipids in the blood Postural Hypotension = Drop in blood pressure upon standing Cardiovascular Disease = A general term for various heart and blood vessel conditions Auscultation = Listening to internal body sounds for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with splenomegaly?

    <p>Infective Endocarditis (IE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulsatile liver is indicative of left ventricular failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cardiovascular risk factor associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with cardiovascular issues may exhibit signs of __________, such as pallor or blue color in extremities.

    <p>Peripheral Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular findings with their implications:

    <p>Xanthomas = Cholesterol Levels Splinter Haemorrhages = Possible Endocarditis Ascites = Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Pulsatile Liver = Tricuspid Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following investigations is useful for checking for myocardial ischaemia?

    <p>12-lead ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated breath sounds at the bases indicate bronchial pleural effusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal finding might be seen in urine when associated with hypertension?

    <p>Proteinuria or Haematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of __________ is an indicator of potential cardiovascular pathology.

    <p>Xanthomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auscultation can reveal which of the following signs associated with peripheral vascular disease?

    <p>Pulsatile Masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the CVS examination?

    <p>Listening to bowel sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral cyanosis indicates inadequate circulation and oxygenation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the semi-Fowler position angle used during a CVS examination?

    <p>30° to 45°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ______ could suggest hyperlipidaemia and associated vascular issues.

    <p>xanthomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cardiovascular risk factors with their descriptions:

    <p>Obesity = Increased workload on the heart and risk of cardiovascular disease Hypertension = Elevated blood pressure leading to heart complications Smoking = Contributes to arterial damage and plaque buildup Diabetes = Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to high blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Distended neck veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Back’s triad is characterized by distended neck veins, elevated blood pressure, and audible heart sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the abdominojugular reflux test?

    <p>To assess right atrial and ventricular function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of _____ can indicate a failing right atrium or right ventricle during an abdominojugular reflux test.

    <p>sustained raise in JVP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular conditions with their characteristics:

    <p>Tricuspid Regurgitation = Back's triad signs present Constrictive Pericarditis = Causes sustained rise in JVP SVC Obstruction = Positive Pemberton's sign Pulmonary Hypertension = Common in COPD and interstitial lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to a raised jugular venous pressure (JVP) during the abdominojugular reflux test?

    <p>Superior vena cava obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricuspid stenosis is characterized by an obstruction at the left side of the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common causes of superior vena cava obstruction?

    <p>Lung tumors, mediastinal tumors, large retrosternal goiter, aortic aneurysm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The JVP elevation in the context of right heart failure is borderline between _____ cm.

    <p>8-9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT typically associated with constrictive pericarditis?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Examination

    • Understand the location of the heart and major vessels.
    • Be able to palpate the radial and carotid pulses to assess rate, rhythm, volume, and character.
    • Know how to do a radio-radial, radio-femoral delay, and collapsing pulse tests and their diagnostic significance.
    • Perform a general examination for cardiovascular disease including inspection and assessing CAJCOD (cyanosis, anemia, jaundice, clubbing, oedema, dehydration, lymphadenopathy).
    • Be able to measure jugular venous pressure (JVP), and perform abdominojugular reflux.
    • Know the anatomy of the precordium.
    • Understand the general rules for examining the precordium:
      • Introduce yourself and obtain informed consent.
      • Ask the patient to undress and position them in the semi-Fowler position (30-45 degrees).
      • Clean your hands, expose the patient appropriately, and cover them.
      • Approach from the patient's right side.
    • Know the significance of CAJCOD in relation to cardiovascular disease, including:
      • Cyanosis: Indicates low oxygen levels in the blood.
      • Anemia: Indicates a deficiency in red blood cells.
      • Jaundice: Indicates elevated bilirubin levels in the blood, often due to liver dysfunction.
      • Clubbing: Indicates chronic low oxygen levels, often associated with lung disease.
      • Oedema: Indicates fluid retention, which could be a sign of heart failure.
      • Dehydration: Can be associated with cardiovascular dysfunction.
      • Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes, which can be associated with infection or other conditions.
    • Assess the patient's general appearance, including:
      • Comfortable or ill?
      • Respiratory distress?
      • Alert or confused?
      • Obesity, cachexia or dysmorphia?

    JVP Examination

    • Understand the diagnostic significance of JVP elevation
    • Understand Abdominojugular reflux and its possible causes.
    • Understand the significance of a collapsing pulse in relation to cardiovascular disease.
    • Examine the chest and back for scars, deformities, and lumps.
    • Examine the abdomen, including the liver, spleen, and ascites.
    • Auscultate the chest for breath sounds, including signs of pulmonary oedema, such as wheezes and crackles.
    • Examine the lower limbs for oedema and signs of peripheral vascular disease.

    Examination of the Precordium

    • Learn and practice inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the precordium.
    • Understand the different areas of the precordium and their associated heart valves.
    • Be able to perform and interpret the following examinations:
      • Inspection: Look for any visible abnormalities.
      • Palpation: Feel for pulsations and vibrations.
      • Percussion: Percuss to assess the size and shape of the heart.
      • Auscultation: Listen for heart sounds and murmurs.
    • Be aware of the potential causes of elevated JVP, including right ventricular failure and tricuspid regurgitation.
    • Abdominojugular reflux is a test performed to confirm right ventricular failure (RV failure) or tricuspid regurgitation (TR).
    • The test is performed by pressing on the upper abdomen for 15 seconds while noting the change in JVP.
    • A sustained raise in JVP >1 cm is suggestive of RV failure or TR.
    • A positive Pembertron's sign is suggestive of Superior Vena Cava (SVC) obstruction, which can be caused by lung or mediastinal tumors.
    • Be aware of potential complications and contraindications associated with the examination, such as pain, discomfort, or contraindications for the patient.
    • If the patient is not comfortable with any step of the examination, stop and respect their wishes.
    • Continue with the examination as per your training and make sure that the patient consents to any further procedures.

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    Related Documents

    Week 1 Clinical Skills CVS Examination PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the key techniques and principles for conducting a comprehensive cardiovascular examination. Topics include palpation of pulses, assessing jugular venous pressure, and understanding the significance of various physical signs related to cardiovascular health. Perfect for medical students and practitioners looking to enhance their examination skills.

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