Cardiovascular Dysfunction Overview
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Questions and Answers

What should be monitored to detect arterial obstruction in an affected extremity?

  • Heart rate irregularities
  • Increased swelling
  • Blood glucose levels
  • Coolness or blanching (correct)

    • How frequently should vital signs be taken after catheterization?

  • Every 30 minutes
  • Every hour
  • Every 15 minutes (correct)
  • Every 10 minutes

    • What action should be taken if bleeding occurs at the catheter site?

  • Apply direct continuous pressure above the puncture site (correct)
  • Apply a heat pack
  • Elevate the limb above the heart
  • Notify a nurse immediately without intervening

    • When is it appropriate to resume a normal diet after catheterization?

    <p>Starting with clear liquids, then progressing as tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common post-catheterization recommendation for younger children?

    <p>Provide parental support to maintain compliance with bed rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) in live births in the U.S.?

    <p>1 in 110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for the care of the catheter insertion site at home?

    <p>Cover with an adhesive bandage, changing daily for two days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided for the first three days after catheterization?

    <p>Participating in strenuous activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of increased pressure in obstructive heart defects?

    <p>Blood flow obstruction due to anatomical narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which location is NOT a common site for narrowing in obstructive heart defects?

    <p>Interstitial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Coarctation of the Aorta, where is the narrowing typically located?

    <p>At the ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary symptoms of Coarctation of the Aorta in infants?

    <p>Bounding pulses in arms and weak femoral pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is primarily recommended for infants with Coarctation of the Aorta?

    <p>Surgical repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of Aortic Stenosis?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in older children with Coarctation of the Aorta?

    <p>Dizziness and fainting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transcatheter treatment in managing Coarctation of the Aorta?

    <p>Maintain vascular patency in adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step before administering Digoxin to infants and young children?

    <p>Check apical pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the quality patient outcomes expected for heart failure management?

    <p>Absence of fluid excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen administration in heart failure patients sometimes risky?

    <p>It may harm patients with complex heart dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended to ease breathing in heart failure patients?

    <p>Semi-Fowler position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action may be taken regarding fluid intake during the acute stages of heart failure?

    <p>Restrict fluid intake if necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of administering Digoxin in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Improves cardiac contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention might be necessary for infants with congestive heart failure?

    <p>Intensive care due to severe symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compensatory mechanism occurs due to shock in heart failure patients?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for infants between Stage I and Stage II of Fontan physiology?

    <p>Need for close home monitoring and specialized care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a long-term risk associated with Fontan physiology?

    <p>Improved myocardial function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Systemic venous congestion and hepatosplenomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism occurs in congestive heart failure?

    <p>Activation of the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with pulmonary congestion in heart failure?

    <p>Tachypnea and cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common diagnostic symptom of heart failure in children?

    <p>Dyspnea and feeding intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical manifestation of impaired myocardial function?

    <p>Pale and cool extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication could arise from fluid overload in heart failure?

    <p>Exercise intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main anatomical anomaly in Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>The aorta arises from the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prostaglandin E1 infusion in the treatment of Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>To keep the ductus arteriosus open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>Cyanosis and depressed function at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a long-term complication of untreated congenital heart defects?

    <p>Chronic pulmonary regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an associated defect for survival in Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tricuspid atresia?

    <p>Absence of the tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical procedure is primarily performed to correct Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>Arterial switch operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood flow mainly occur in cases of tricuspid atresia?

    <p>From right atrium to left atrium via an atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)?

    <p>Pulmonary veins connect abnormally to the systemic venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathophysiological feature is necessary for blood to reach systemic circulation in TAPVC?

    <p>Atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial treatment is often started in infants with tricuspid atresia to promote pulmonary blood flow?

    <p>Prostaglandin E1 infusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term complication is associated with older surgical procedures for Transposition of the Great Arteries?

    <p>Higher chance of right ventricular failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation in newborns with tricuspid atresia?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential postoperative complication following surgery for tricuspid atresia?

    <p>Dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in older children with tricuspid atresia?

    <p>Clubbing of fingers and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes mixed congenital heart defects?

    <p>Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Dysfunction Overview

    • Types of Cardiovascular Disorders include Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Acquired Heart Disorders.
    • CHD refers to anatomical heart abnormalities present at birth, often leading to heart failure (HF) and hypoxemia.
    • Acquired Heart Disorders develop after birth, affected by factors like infections(e.g., myocarditis), autoimmune responses(e.g., rheumatic fever), and environmental/genetic factors.

    History and Physical Examination

    • Health History includes maternal health, medications during pregnancy, and substance use during pregnancy to assess risk of CHD..
    • Family History is crucial, as congenital heart defects can be hereditary, looking at conditions like Marfan syndrome and certain cardiomyopathies.
    • A history of fetal loss or sudden death in the family could indicate underlying heart disease.
    • Physical Assessment includes inspection for color (cyanosis or pallor), chest deformities, unusual pulsations, respiratory excursion, and clubbing of fingers. Palpation and percussion assess heart size, thrills, and other abnormal findings in the abdomen. Auscultation evaluates heart rate, rhythm, and character of heart sounds(listening for murmurs).

    Diagnostic Evaluation

    • Chest radiography (x-ray): Provides information on heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns.
    • Electrocardiography (ECG): Measures electrical activity of the heart.
    • Holter monitor: 24-hour continuous ECG recording used to assess dysrhythmias.
    • Echocardiography (Transthoracic): Uses high-frequency sound waves to image cardiac structures. M-mode: one-dimensional graphic view used for ventricular size and function. Two-dimensional: real-time, cross-sectional views of the heart. Doppler: shows blood flow patterns and pressure gradients. Fetal echocardiography: imaging fetal heart in utero. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): used for better posterior views of the heart.
    • Cardiac catheterization and Hemodynamics: Uses radiopaque catheters in peripheral blood vessels to measure pressures and oxygen levels in heart chambers.
    • Angiography: Uses contrast material to illuminate heart structures and blood flow patterns.
    • Biopsy: Catheter removal of tiny samples of heart muscle for microscopic evaluation, assessment of infection, inflammation, or muscle dysfunction.
    • Electrophysiology study (EPS): Uses special catheters with electrodes to record electrical activity in the heart to diagnose rhythm disturbances.
    • Exercise stress test: Monitors heart rate, BP, ECG, and oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise.
    • Cardiac MRI: Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging techniques evaluate vascular anatomy outside of the heart. Can estimate ventricular mass and volume.

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    Cardiovascular Dysfunction PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts surrounding cardiovascular dysfunction, focusing on congenital heart disease and acquired heart disorders. Understand the importance of health and family history in assessing risks and the relevance of physical examinations in diagnosing heart conditions. This quiz will enhance your knowledge on cardiovascular health, particularly in clinical settings.

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