30 Questions
Which of the following is considered one drink equivalent?
45 mL of 80-proof distilled spirits
What is recommended as a first-line antihypertensive agent for most patients?
Calcium channel blockers
What is the approximate volume of wine that is equivalent to one drink?
150 mL at 12% alcohol content
What lifestyle modification is appropriate for patients with elevated BP?
Dietary changes
When is combination drug therapy recommended for hypertension treatment?
Stage 2 hypertension
Which of the following is NOT considered a first-line antihypertensive agent for most patients?
Beta-blockers
What is a key benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
Improving cardiovascular mortality and morbidity
What effect does an ACEI have on bradykinin?
It enhances the BP-lowering effects of an ACEI
Which vasodilating substance is stimulated by the blockage of ACE by ACEIs?
Prostaglandin E2
What side effect is associated with increased bradykinin levels due to ACEI therapy?
Dry cough
In which condition does ACEI therapy help prevent or regress left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)?
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Which patient population would benefit from an ACEI regimen combined with a thiazide for recurrent stroke prevention?
Patients with diabetes and hypertension
What is a notable difference between ARB therapy and ACEI therapy?
ARB therapy directly blocks the AT1 receptor, while ACEI therapy blocks the breakdown of bradykinin.
What can be a consequence of using both an ACEI and an ARB simultaneously?
Higher risk of renal dysfunction and hypotension
Why should the starting dose of ARB be reduced in some patients?
Due to risks of hypotension
Which condition would not be a contraindication for using ARB therapy?
Volume depletion
Why is the combination of ACEI with ARB not recommended?
It has no additional CV event-lowering benefits.
Which effect is NOT associated with ARB therapy?
Vasodilation
What is responsible for the initial drop in blood pressure seen when diuretics are first started?
Initial diuresis
Why do diuretics need to be dosed in the morning if given once daily?
To minimize risk of nocturnal diuresis
What is responsible for the chronic antihypertensive effects of diuretics?
Reduction in PVR
Which side effect is rare with chronic use of thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists?
Dizziness
What side effect is more pronounced with loop diuretics compared to thiazides?
Hypomagnesemia
Which electrolyte imbalance may cause muscle fatigue or cramps?
Hypomagnesemia
What is a notable side effect of dihydropyridines?
Headache
Which non-dihydropyridine CCB is associated with constipation as a side effect?
Verapamil
Why is immediate-release nifedipine not recommended for the treatment of hypertension?
It results in flushing and peripheral edema
Which side effect is more common with all dihydropyridines compared to non-dihydropyridines?
Dizziness
What cardiac conduction abnormalities can be caused by nondihydropyridine CCBs?
AV block
Which medications may have increased serum concentrations due to interactions with verapamil and diltiazem?
All of the above
Test your knowledge on cardiovascular disease risk factors including alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Learn about the general approach to treatment for patients with cardiovascular disease.
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