Cardiovascular Disease Overview
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Cardiovascular Disease Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is typically the cause of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

  • Congestive heart failure (correct)
  • Pneumonia
  • Asthma attacks
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • What type of sputum is typically associated with pulmonary edema?

  • Clear and watery
  • Thick and yellow
  • Brown and foul-smelling
  • Frothy and blood-tinged (correct)
  • What is a common symptom of systemic congestion related to right heart failure?

  • Coughing up clear mucus
  • Shortness of breath on exertion
  • Swelling of the abdomen (ascites) (correct)
  • Chest pain
  • Which symptom is indicative of low cardiac output and tissue hypoxia?

    <p>Exertional fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically related to systemic congestion?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT included in the detailed history of a patient's present illness?

    <p>Family medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does orthopnea refer to?

    <p>Breathlessness when lying flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary artery disease?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pulmonary venous congestion, which manifestation is NOT typically associated?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is considered first in the case of pulmonary congestion?

    <p>Dyspnea on effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a disease of the heart valves?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'grade 3 dyspnea' commonly characterized?

    <p>Breathlessness on mild exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change primarily causes dyspnea?

    <p>Reduced pulmonary compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the narrowing of the aorta?

    <p>Coarctation of aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tachyarrhythmia is characterized by rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles?

    <p>Supraventricular tachycardias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cardiac disorders?

    <p>Skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of myocardial disease is characterized by the heart's inability to pump effectively due to an enlarged heart muscle?

    <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect an accumulation of fluid around the heart?

    <p>Pericardial effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major diagnostic test is used to assess the electrical activity of the heart?

    <p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of congenital heart disease?

    <p>Myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • Includes disorders of heart rate, rhythm and conduction
    • Includes diseases of the pericardium, the myocardium, the heart valves, and coronary artery disease
    • Also includes vascular disease and congenital heart disease

    Disorders of Heart Rate, Rhythm and Conduction

    • Atrial tachyarrhythmias
    • Supraventricular tachycardias
    • Ventricular tachyarrhythmias
    • Atrioventricular and bundle branch block

    Coronary Artery Disease

    • Stable angina
    • Acute coronary syndrome
      • STEMI
      • NON STEMI
      • UA

    Vascular Disease

    • Peripheral arterial disease
    • Diseases of the aorta
    • Hypertension

    Diseases of the Heart Valves

    • Rheumatic heart disease
    • Mitral valve disease
    • Aortic valve disease
    • Tricuspid valve disease
    • Pulmonary valve disease
    • Infective endocarditis

    Congenital Heart Disease

    • Ventricular septal defect
    • Atrial septal defect
    • Patent ductus arteriosus
    • Pulmonary stenosis
    • Coarctation of aorta
    • Aortic stenosis
    • Tetralogy of Fallot
    • Complete transposition of great arteries

    Diseases of the Myocardium

    • Myocarditis
    • Cardiomyopathy
      • Dilated cardiomyopathy
      • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
      • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
    • Specific diseases of heart muscle
    • Cardiac tumours

    Diseases of the Pericardium

    • Acute pericarditis
    • Pericardial effusion
    • Tuberculous pericarditis
    • Chronic constrictive pericarditis

    The Approach to Cardiac Diagnosis

    • The cardiac history
    • The cardiac physical examination
    • Electrocardiogram
    • Chest X-ray
    • Echocardiography.Lab invx.RULES
      • Patient should be allowed to tell their history in their own words
      • Leading questions must be avoided unless the information cannot be obtained by other means

    Patient History Taking

    • Present History
      • Includes detailed history of the patients current complaint
      • Questions to address:
        • Duration of symptoms
        • Mode of onset (acute, subacute, chronic)
        • Sequence of events
          • Course of illness (progressive, regressive, or recurrent)
          • Appearance of new symptoms or disappearance of others
          • Treatment received during the course of the illness and response
        • Analysis of each particular symptom
    • Past History
      • Childhood diseases (fever or joint pain, rheumatic fever)
      • Drug therapy and operations
      • Prior illness (cardiac or noncardiac)
      • Recent dental work (infective endocarditis)
      • Prior cardiac procedure
    • Social and Family History
      • Smoking and physical efforts
      • Addiction
      • History of the same illness within the family
      • History of sudden death in the family
      • Hereditary diseases

    Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors

    • Cigarette smoking
    • Age
    • Sex
    • Hypertension
    • Hyperlipidemia
    • Family history of CAD
    • Diabetes mellitus

    Symptoms of Cardiac Disorders

    • Analysis of patient's complaint
    • Cardiovascular Symptoms
      • Symptoms of pulmonary venous congestion
      • Symptoms of systemic venous congestion
      • Symptoms of low cardiac output
      • Chest pain
      • Cyanosis and jaundice
      • Palpitation
      • Symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
      • Toxic symptoms
    • 1- Pulmonary Venous Congestion
      • Causes: Left ventricular failure, mitral stenosis
      • Manifestations:
        • Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
        • Orthopnea (dyspnea when lying flat)
        • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (sudden onset of dyspnea at night)
        • Cardiac asthma
        • Cough
        • Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
    • 2- Systemic Venous Congestion
      • Causes: Right ventricular failure, pericardial disease
      • Manifestations:
        • Lower limb edema (bilateral, pitting edema starting in dependent parts, usually precedes ascites)
        • Pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium (liver congestion)
        • Dyspepsia (indigestion)
        • Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
        • Oliguria (reduced urine output)
    • 3- Symptoms Due to Low Cardiac Output
      • Causes: Tissue hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) affecting brain, muscles, and kidneys
      • Manifestations:
        • Exertional fatigue
        • Dizziness and / or syncope
        • Oliguria
    • 4- Chest Pain
      • Causes: Angina, pericarditis, aortic dissection
      • Types:
        • Angina (usually described as pressure or tightness)
        • Pericarditis (sharp, stabbing pain that worsens with breathing)
        • Aortic dissection (tearing, ripping pain that radiates to the back)
    • 5- Cyanosis and Jaundice
      • Causes:
        • Cyanosis: low blood oxygen levels
        • Jaundice: high levels of bilirubin in blood
    • 6- Palpitation
      • Causes: Irregular heartbeat, heart palpitations
    • 7- Symptoms of Peripheral Vascular Disease
      • Causes: Blockage or narrowing of arteries in the legs and feet
      • Manifestations:
        • Claudication (pain & cramping in legs or feet during exercise)
        • Rest pain (pain that occurs even at rest)
        • Coldness in extremities
        • Poor wound healing
    • 8- Toxic Symptoms
      • Causes:
        • Fever
        • Night sweats
        • Weight loss
        • Fatigue
        • Possible causes:
          • Infective endocarditis
          • Myocarditis
          • Cardiac tumor

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    Description

    Explore the various types of cardiovascular diseases, including disorders of heart rate, rhythm, valves, and coronary artery. This quiz covers essential conditions such as coronary artery disease, vascular diseases, and congenital heart diseases that affect heart functionality and overall health. Test your knowledge on the complexities of cardiovascular conditions.

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