Cardiovascular Disease Overview

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Questions and Answers

Cardiovascular diseases affect what?

The heart and blood vessels.

Which of the following are affected by cardiovascular disease?

  • Coronary Arteries
  • Valves
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
  • Conduction
  • Heart failure
  • All of the above (correct)

Which of the following affects the blood vessels?

  • Arterial circulation
  • Venous circulation
  • Blood flow
  • Pressure
  • All of the above (correct)

What happens to the arteries in Atherosclerosis?

<p>Hardening and narrowing of the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accumulates in the arteries in Atherosclerosis?

<p>Fatty material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vessel layer is damaged in Atherosclerosis?

<p>Vasculature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What decreases the lumen of the affected vessel in Atherosclerosis?

<p>Plaque.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow change in artherosclerosis?

<p>Decreased and sluggish flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the walls of arteries in Arteriosclerosis?

<p>Walls of arteries become thick and hard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deposits form in Arteriosclerosis?

<p>Ca2+ (calcium) deposits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Arteriosclerosis affect artery flexibility?

<p>Inflexible and unable to stretch &amp; rebound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Arteriosclerosis?

<p>HTN (Hypertension).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Arteriosclerosis?

<p>Atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis are the same thing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is CAD?

<p>Coronary Artery Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often the cause of Coronary Artery Disease?

<p>Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are symptoms of CAD?

<p>Angina Pectoris and Congestive Heart Failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define ischemia?

<p>Decreased oxygen to a tissue, usually because of decreased blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Myocardial Ischemia?

<p>Cardiac condition caused by atherosclerosis, and tendency to form clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myocardial Ischemia symptoms may not be present until there is what percentage occlusion of a coronary artery?

<p>70-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Angina Pectoris?

<p>Transient Myocardial Ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the triggers of Angina Pectoris?

<p>Exertion, Emotional Stress, Environment, Eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Angina Pectoris?

<p>Palpitations, Dizziness / Fainting, Weakness Upon Exertion OR At Rest, SOB</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Myocardial Infarction?

<p>Heart Attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of a Myocardial Infarction?

<p>Chest pain that may radiate, Dyspnea, Profuse Diaphoresis, Nausea &amp; Vomiting, Weakness, Fainting, Denial, Feeling of Impending Doom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the lab results seen in Myocardial Infarction?

<p>Increased Temperature, WBC's, Troponin, CRP (C-reactive protein), Cardiac enzymes, CK-MB, LDH, Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first steps of treating a Myocardial Infarction?

<p>Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerine, ASA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to diagnose the severity of a blockage in the heart?

<p>Cath Lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can Myocardial Infarction lead to?

<p>Heart Failure, Arrhythmias, Cardiogenic Shock, Cardiac Arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease (affecting the heart)

Diseases affecting the heart, coronary arteries, valves, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and conduction.

Cardiovascular Disease (affecting blood vessels)

Diseases affecting arterial and venous circulation, blood flow, and pressure.

Atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to fatty material accumulation and vasculature damage, decreasing the vessel lumen.

Atherosclerosis consequences

The plaque can accumulate in different arteries in any organ. The consequences can trigger different diseases depending on the affected artery.

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Arteriosclerosis

Walls of arteries become thick and hard, often due to calcium deposits (Ca2+). The arteries become inflexible and unable to stretch.

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CAD: Coronary Artery Disease

Most common cause of death in the United States!!

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Ischemia

Decreased oxygen to a tissue, usually due to decreased blood flow.

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Myocardial Ischemia

Occurs because of Atherosclerosis and tendency to form clots in the heart

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Angina Pectoris Symptoms

Shortness of breath, chest pain, discomfort, dizziness/fainting, palpitations and weakness upon exertion.

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Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Prolonged ischemia severe enough to cause death of myocardial cells, often due to atherosclerosis causing thrombus formation.

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Zone of injury

Zone of tissue that is injured but potentially reversible.

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Zone of ischemia

Zone of tissue with no oxygen.

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Zone of infarction

Zone of tissue that is dead and gone

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Body's Response to M.I.

Phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, necrotic tissue replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis), and generates collateral circulation.

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Study Notes

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the heart and blood vessels

Heart conditions affected by CVDs include:

  • Coronary Arteries
  • Valves
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
  • Conduction
  • Heart failure

Blood vessel conditions affected by CVDs include:

  • Arterial circulation
  • Venous circulation
    • Blood flow
    • Pressure

Atherosclerosis

  • Involves artery hardening and narrowing
  • Fatty material accumulates
  • Vasculature is damaged
  • Lumen decreases in affected vessel, causing decreased and sluggish blood flow
  • Plaque can accumulate in different arteries in any organ, triggering diseases depending on the affected arteries

Atherosclerosis consequences include:

  • Heart Attack: Insufficient oxygen-rich blood delivery to heart tissues during stress or physical effort
  • Stroke: Reduced or blocked blood flow to the brain via carotid arteries
  • Peripheral Artery Disease: Plaque buildup in major arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood to legs, arms, and pelvis; can lead to numbness, pain, and dangerous infections
  • Chronic Kidney Disease: Plaque buildup in renal arteries causes slow loss of kidney function

Arteriosclerosis

  • Artery walls thicken and harden
  • Calcium deposits
  • Arteries become inflexible and are unable to stretch and rebound
  • Hypertension (HTN)
  • Atherosclerosis may be a cause

Atherosclerosis risk factors

  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • High cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Stress
  • High fat diet
  • Age
  • Physical inactivity
  • Gender
  • Heredity
  • Lifestyle changes, reducing cholesterol, and controlling blood pressure may help

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries
  • Main cause of death in the U.S.
  • Main cause of disability, angina pectoris and congestive heart failure

Ischemia

  • Decreased oxygen to tissue, typically from decreased blood flow
  • Affects: Peripheral arteries, Coronaries, and Carotid arteries

Myocardial Ischemia

  • Atherosclerosis and blood clot formation can cause myocardial ischemia
  • Symptoms may not be present until there is 70-75% occlusion of a coronary artery

Transient Myocardial Ischemia: Angina Pectoris

  • Warning sign
  • Triggers for angina: Exertion, emotional stress, environment, and eating
  • Symptoms of angina: Palpitations, dizziness/fainting, weakness upon exertion or at rest, and SOB (shortness of breath)

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

  • Prolonged ischemia causing death of myocardial cells
  • Usually occurs when atherosclerosis causes thrombus formation

Myocardial Infarction Zones of Damage

  • Zone of ischemia causes ST segment depression with or without T wave inversion as result of altered repolarization
  • Zone of injury causes ST segment elevation with or without loss of R wave
  • Zone of infarction causes deep Q waves as result of absence of depolarization current from dead tissue and receding currents from opposite side of heart

Myocardial Infarction The Body's Response

  • Inflammatory response: Phagocytosis of necrotic tissue; necrotic tissue replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis)
  • Generates collateral circulation but it may not occur or be effective enough

Myocardial Infarction Signs and Symptoms

  • Chest pain radiates to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, and abdomen; crushing, persistent pressure sensation
  • Dyspnea
  • Profuse diaphoresis
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Weakness
  • Fainting
  • Denial
  • Feeling of impending doom
  • Women and men can have different symptoms

Myocardial Infarction Signs & Labs Include:

  • Increased temperature
  • Increased WBC count
  • Increased troponin levels
  • Increased CRP (C-reactive protein)
  • Increased cardiac enzymes, including CK-MB and LDH
  • Arrythmias

Myocardial Infarction Immediate Treatment (MONA)

  • Morphine
  • Oxygen
  • Nitroglycerine
  • ASA
  • Cath lab to diagnose severity of blockage

Myocardial Infarction can lead to:

  • Heart failure
  • Arrhythmias
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Cardiac arrest

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