52 Questions
What is a common symptom of croup due to the narrowed airway?
Stridor
What can create the appearance of an hourglass shape to the airway in croup?
Narrowing of the subglottic area
What is a recommended treatment to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing in children with croup?
Corticosteroids
What was a common cause of acute epiglottitis in the past?
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
What can atelectasis be visualized as on imaging?
Platelike streaks
What is the recommended position for endotracheal tube placement above the carina?
5-7 cm
What is the focus of atelectasis treatment?
Removing secretions and re-expanding the lung tissue
What may cause atelectasis?
Bronchial obstruction
What does incorrect placement of the endotracheal tube lead to?
Uneven ventilation or ineffective ventilation
What can pneumothorax cause?
Partial or complete lung collapse
What is the key aspect of clinical evaluation after endotracheal tube placement?
Ensuring bilateral breath sounds
What is necessary to confirm endotracheal tube placement and detect potential complications?
Periodic chest X-rays
What might require repositioning of endotracheal tubes?
Various factors
What does pleural effusion result from?
Various conditions
What may interlobar fissures show due to lobe collapse?
A bowed contour
What is involved in the compensation for collapsed lung?
Elevation of hemidiaphragm and displacement of heart and mediastinal structures
Which imaging technique is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of acute epiglottitis?
CT scan of the chest
What is the most appropriate initial management for acute epiglottitis?
Intravenous antibiotics
Which anatomical area is commonly affected by intrabronchial foreign bodies in children?
Right main bronchus
What is the purpose of assessing technical factors in a chest radiograph examination?
To ensure quality and accuracy of the image
Which area on a chest radiograph appears similar in radiographic density due to similar X-ray attenuation?
Upper retrosternal and retrocardiac areas
What can make it challenging to distinguish individual ribs and vertebrae on a chest radiograph?
Superimposition of ribs over vertebrae
What does atelectasis result in on imaging studies?
Diminished air and reduced lung volume
Which imaging modality is commonly used to visualize airway obstruction and surrounding structures in acute epiglottitis?
CT scan of the chest
What is the purpose of clinical correlation in chest radiograph examination?
To relate imaging findings to patient history and symptoms
What can open thoracic intervertebral disc spaces indicate on a chest radiograph?
Vertebral alignment issues
What is the primary purpose of using corticosteroids in the treatment of acute epiglottitis?
To reduce airway inflammation
In which part of the lung does atelectasis result in reduced lung volume?
Base
Which condition is characterized by a localized collection of necrotic tissue and pus in the lung?
Lung abscess
What is the fatality rate of SARS?
3%
Which condition results in the filling of airspaces with inflammatory exudate?
Pneumonia
What is the cause of aspiration pneumonia?
Entry of esophageal or gastric contents into the lungs
Which condition refers to the accumulation of a significant amount of blood in the pleural space?
Hemothorax
Which imaging studies are commonly used to diagnose and assess the extent of hemothorax?
Chest X-rays and CT scans
What is the characteristic radiographic pattern associated with alveolar pneumonia?
Patchy infiltrates
Which condition can lead to complications such as brain abscess?
Lung abscess
What is the cause of bronchopneumonia?
Bacterial infection
What is the treatment for hemothorax dependent on?
Severity and underlying cause
Which condition is caused by the entry of esophageal or gastric contents into the lungs?
Aspiration pneumonia
What are the symptoms of hemothorax?
Chest pain and difficulty breathing
Which of the following is a common cause of pulmonary infarct?
Volvulus
What is the primary function of a Swan-Ganz catheter?
Monitoring heart function and blood flow
What is the most significant risk factor for developing bronchogenic carcinoma?
Smoking
What is the function of a cardiac pacemaker?
Maintaining cardiac rhythm
What can lead to pace failure in a cardiac pacing system?
Electrode fracture
What is a potential risk of central venous catheter placement?
Pneumothorax
What does infarct refer to?
Localized area of necrosis within tissue
What is the primary function of a PICC (Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter)?
Venous access for long-term use
What can lead to challenging outcomes in cases of pulmonary edema?
Brain involvement
What are the most common complications of infarcts?
Gangrene
Who is at risk of complications from central venous catheter placement?
Elderly individuals with atherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function
What is the purpose of a Swan-Ganz catheter?
Monitoring heart function and blood flow
Study Notes
Difficult Outcomes of Pulmonary Edema and Infarct
- Pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, and brain involvement can lead to challenging outcomes.
- Edema may be associated with ischemia and, in severe cases, necrosis.
- Infarct refers to a localized area of necrosis within tissue.
- Myocardial and pulmonary infarcts are the most common.
- Common causes include volvulus, hernia, and trapped viscera under peritoneal adhesion.
- Complications of infarcts can lead to gangrene.
- Elderly individuals with atherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function are at risk.
- Trigger events can include surgical procedures or delivery.
- Central venous catheter placement measures central venous pressure and serves as a portal for fluid infusion.
- Potential risks of placement include arrhythmias, perforation, pneumothorax, and air embolism.
- PICC is a type of venous access device designed for long-term use, often for chemotherapy.
- Swan-Ganz catheters monitor heart function and blood flow, and can be used to direct medications into the heart.
Cardiac Pacemaker and Pathophysiology
- Cardiac pacemakers maintain cardiac rhythm using an electrode placed in the right ventricle apex or coronary sinus.
- Electrode fracture can lead to pace failure, compromising the effectiveness of the cardiac pacing system.
- Thrombo-embolic fragments can lodge in the main pulmonary artery, leading to decreased cardiac output and potentially death.
- Pulmonary embolism can result in pulmonary infarction and respiratory distress.
- Bronchogenic carcinoma is primary lung cancer that originates from the mucosa of the bronchial tree.
- The most significant risk factor for developing bronchogenic carcinoma is smoking.
- Metastasis can occur via blood and lymphatics to sites including bones, liver, brain, adrenals, and kidneys.
- The lungs are a common site for metastasis from primary neoplasms in various organs, including the breast, esophagus, and stomach.
- Approximately one-third of patients with cancer develop pulmonary metastases.
- Pulmonary metastases can occur from primary neoplasms in various organ systems and can spread through blood and lymphatics.
- The patterns of metastases on chest imaging vary according to the primary site of the cancer.
Test your knowledge of challenging outcomes related to pulmonary edema, infarcts, cardiac pacemakers, and pathophysiology with this quiz. Explore topics such as complications of infarcts, cardiac rhythm maintenance, and pulmonary metastases.
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