Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases Quiz

Overview of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases

• Pericarditis causes pain that is dependent on movement and pleuritic chest pain. Cardiac tamponade may occur, and treatment includes pericardiocentesis, elimination of drugs causing the condition, and pain relief with aspirin or NSAIDs.
• Arterial hypertension has two types: genetic and lifestyle-related. Diagnosis involves testing blood pressure while supine and standing on three separate days, and also testing on the thigh if femoral pulse is diminished. Treatment includes medication, smoking cessation, exercise, and weight loss.
• Atherosclerosis is caused by a sedentary lifestyle and obesity, and the earliest sign is a fatty streak in turbulent areas. Asymptomatic until 70% lumen reduction, it can lead to unstable angina, MI, aneurysm, or arterial dissection.
• Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis affects people aged 50 and above, causing falsely elevated BP due to calcification of the tunica media. Treatment involves management of atherosclerosis and referral for ultrasound, and surgery may be necessary if the aneurysm is over 4cm.
• Raynaud's disease causes cold, burning pain, and paraesthesia, with primary and secondary forms. Treatment involves avoiding triggers, smoking cessation, relaxation therapy, and vasodilating Ca channel blockers.
• Aortic dissection causes chest and abdominal pain, and diagnosis involves chest x-ray, trans-esophageal echocardiography, CT angiography, or MR angiography. Treatment involves drugs to decrease arterial PA, blood transfusion, IV fluid, surgery, and monitoring of urine output.
• Acute bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and COPD cause productive cough, while asthma and pericarditis cause unproductive cough.
• Aortic dissection causes ripping precordial and interscapular pain that migrates, and pulses may go away in limbs with different BP. Abdominal aortic aneurysm causes deep boring pain in the lumbo-sacral area with abdominal pulsation and slow growth.
• Environmental pulmonary disease caused by asbestos is connected with cancer and is reversible if the stimulus is removed. Treatment involves symptom removal, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators.
• Lung cancer is caused by asbestos and silica, and diagnosis involves X-ray and chest CT. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
• Chest pain from pericarditis is sharp and has radiation to the neck, trap, and shoulder. Leaning forward is palliative. Symptoms of pericarditis may include a pericardial rub, weakness, fever, and chills, which may indicate an infection.
• Atherosclerosis causes reduction in blood flow and can lead to transient ischemic effects, stable exertional angina, or TIA. Chiroman treatment involves diet, exercise, antiplatelet drugs, and hypertension drugs.