Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Study Notes

Heart Structure and Function

The heart pumps oxygenated blood for systemic circulation through rhythmic contractions.
Epicardium/Pericardium is the outer layer with lubricating pericardial fluid.
Myocardium is the muscular middle layer containing myocytes and is crucial for the cardiac conduction system.
Endocardium is the innermost layer that protects heart valves.

Right Side of the Heart

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

Left Side of the Heart

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body via the aorta.

Valves

Atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.
Tricuspid Valve allows blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle.
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve facilitates blood flow from left ventricle to the aorta.
Semilunar valves prevent backflow during systole.
Pulmonic Valve directs blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
Aortic Valve manages blood flow from the left ventricle to systemic circulation.

Coronary Arteries

Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium.
Left Coronary Artery branches into the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery.
Right Coronary Artery supplies the right side of the heart and inferior left ventricle.

Cardiac Cycles

Systole refers to ventricular contraction and blood ejection.
Diastole is the phase of ventricular relaxation and filling.

Cardiac Conduction System

Generates and transmits electrical impulses essential for heart function.
Automaticity allows the heart to initiate impulses; excitability allows response to impulses; conductivity transmits impulses between cardiac cells.
Sinoatrial Node serves as the primary pacemaker (60-100 bpm).
Atrioventricular Node acts as a secondary pacemaker (40-60 bpm).
Bundle of His transmits impulses to the ventricles.
Purkinje Fibers conduct impulses throughout the ventricles (30-40 bpm).

Cardiac Action Potential Phases

Phase 0: Rapid depolarization due to sodium influx.
Phase 1: Early repolarization occurs with potassium efflux.
Phase 2: Plateau phase is characterized by calcium influx.
Phase 3: Completion of repolarization.
Phase 4: Resting phase.

Cardiac Hemodynamics

Cardiac output is the total blood volume pumped per minute, typically 5 liters/min.
Stroke volume refers to the blood ejected per heartbeat.
Normal heart rate controlled reflexively and by baroreceptors, ranges from 60-100 bpm.

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

Preload is the degree of ventricular muscle stretch before contraction.
Afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
Contractility is the force generated by the myocardium.

Cardiovascular Assessment and Diagnostics

Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and palpitations.
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, normally 30-40 mmHg.
Jugular vein pulsation can indicate right-side heart function.

Auscultation of Heart Sounds

Normal Heart Sounds:
- S1 signals closure of AV valves ("Lub").
- S2 signals closure of semilunar valves ("Dub").
Abnormal Heart Sounds:
- S3 may indicate pathophysiology during early diastole.
- S4 indicates non-compliant ventricles late in diastole.
- Murmurs arise from turbulent blood flow.

Cardiac Biomarkers

Creatinine-Kinase (CK) indicates muscle injury.
Troponin I and T are definitive for diagnosing myocardial infarction (MI).
Lipid profile is essential for evaluating cholesterol levels.

Diagnostic Procedures

2D Echocardiography assesses heart function and structure.
Cardiac Catheterization is an invasive procedure used for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD).

Stress Testing

Cardiac stress tests evaluate for myocardial ischemia.
Exercise stress test involves patient exercise on a treadmill.
Pharmacologic stress test uses vasodilating agents.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

ECG records the heart's electrical activity.
Lead placement is crucial for accurate readings.

ECG Waveforms

P-wave indicates atrial contraction.
QRS complex represents ventricular contraction.
T-wave signifies ventricular repolarization.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the outer heart layer.
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the myocardium.
Endocarditis involves inflammation of the inner heart lining.

Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease

Heart failure refers to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.
Coronary artery disease is characterized by atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, leading to reduced blood flow.
Angina pectoris is chest pain resulting from inadequate oxygen supply.
Myocardial infarction signifies severe chest pain due to coronary artery obstruction.

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, focusing on heart structure and function. This quiz covers the layers of the heart, the role of the myocardium, and the right side of the heart, including its parts and functions. Perfect for students studying cardiovascular health!

Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the heart?

Which layer of the heart is responsible for providing protection for the valves?

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Which valve prevents backflow during systole?

What is the total blood volume pumped per minute known as?

What is the normal range for resting heart rate?

Which biomarker is most definitive for diagnosing myocardial infarction?

The normal pulse pressure is between _____ mmHg.

What is heart failure?

The QRS complex represents atrial contraction.

Which test evaluates myocardial ischemia?

What characterizes myocardial infarction?

Match the following heart conditions with their descriptions: