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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the myocardium in the heart?
What is the primary function of the myocardium in the heart?
Which structure is primarily responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood from the upper body?
Which structure is primarily responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood from the upper body?
What is the role of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
What is the role of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
Where does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood to?
Where does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood to?
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What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?
What type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonic valve?
What is the primary function of the pulmonic valve?
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Which artery is referred to as the 'widow maker'?
Which artery is referred to as the 'widow maker'?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular contraction occur?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular contraction occur?
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The coronary arteries primarily supply blood to which part of the body?
The coronary arteries primarily supply blood to which part of the body?
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What role does the cardiac conduction system play in the heart?
What role does the cardiac conduction system play in the heart?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology
- Heart pump oxygenated blood for systemic circulation through rhythmic contractions and relaxations.
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Layers of the Heart:
- Epicardium/Pericardium: Outer layer with lubricating pericardial fluid.
- Myocardium: Muscular middle layer made of myocytes, essential for contraction.
- Endocardium: Innermost layer, protects heart valves.
Heart Structure
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Right Side (Deoxygenated Blood):
- Right Atrium: Receives blood from superior/inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus.
- Right Ventricle: Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation via pulmonary artery for reoxygenation.
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Left Side (Oxygenated Blood):
- Left Atrium: Receives blood from lungs via four pulmonary veins.
- Left Ventricle: Pumps blood to systemic circulation via the aorta.
Heart Valves
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Ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent backflow.
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Atrioventricular Valves:
- Tricuspid: Blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle.
- Bicuspid (Mitral): Blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.
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Semilunar Valves:
- Pulmonic: Blood flows from right ventricle to pulmonary artery.
- Aortic: Blood flows from left ventricle to aorta.
Coronary Arteries
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Supply blood primarily to the myocardium.
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Left Coronary Artery:
- Left Main Coronary Artery: Divides into:
- Left Anterior Descending Artery: Supplies anterior heart; known as "widow maker".
- Circumflex Artery: Feeds left atrium and lateral/posterior left ventricle.
- Left Main Coronary Artery: Divides into:
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Right Coronary Artery:
- Supplies right heart and inferior left ventricle.
- Posterior Descending Artery supplies the heart's posterior wall.
Cardiac Cycles
- Systole: Phase of ventricular contraction (blood ejection).
- Diastole: Phase of ventricular relaxation (filling).
Cardiac Conduction System
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Generates and transmits impulses to stimulate myocardium contraction.
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Physiological Characteristics:
- Automaticity: Initiates impulses independently.
- Excitability: Responds to impulses.
- Conductivity: Transmits impulses between cells.
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Key Structures:
- Sinoatrial Node: Primary pacemaker; firing rate of 60-100/min.
- Atrioventricular Node: Secondary pacemaker; firing rate of 40-60/min, coordinates impulse to ventricles.
- Bundle of His: Transmits impulses to ventricles.
- Purkinje Fibers: Final conduction point, stimulating ventricular contraction.
Cardiac Action Potential
- Cycle of depolarization and repolarization influenced by potassium, calcium, and sodium.
- Phases of Action Potential:
- Phase 0: Rapid depolarization (sodium influx).
- Phase 1: Early repolarization (potassium efflux).
- Phase 2: Plateau (calcium influx).
- Phase 3: Completion of repolarization.
- Phase 4: Resting state.
Dysrhythmia and Refractory Periods
- Dysrhythmia: Any abnormal heartbeat pattern.
- Refractory Period: Myocardial cells must completely repolarize before depolarizing again.
- Absolute Refractory: Cell unresponsive to stimuli.
- Relative Refractory: Short responsive period after repolarization.
Cardiac Hemodynamics
- Blood flow events occur with each heartbeat, based on pressure differentials.
- Atrial Systole: Atria contract, boosting ventricular filling.
- Ventricular Systole: Pressure increase leads to blood ejection through semilunar valves.
Cardiac Output
- Defined as total blood volume pumped by the heart per minute.
- Formula: Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate; normal range is approximately 5 L/min, varying with metabolic needs.
Cardiac Biomarkers
- Creatinine Kinase (CK): Indicates muscle injury if elevated.
- CK-MB: Specific to heart muscle injury.
- Myoglobin: Oxygen-carrying protein, indicates muscle usage.
- Troponin I and T: Most reliable cardiac biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial infarction.
- Lipid Profile: Evaluates fats in blood; cholesterol normal range for 50 y/o: 40-190 mg/dl.
Diagnostic Procedures
- 2D Echocardiography: Ultrasound evaluates heart structure/function and measures ejection fraction.
- Cardiac Catheterization: Invasive procedure to assess coronary artery conditions and patency; requires careful post-op monitoring.
- Angiography: Visualizes heart and vessels using contrast media.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, including the layers of the heart and the structure of its chambers. Participants will explore the functions of various heart valves and the pathways of blood flow through the heart. Test your knowledge of how oxygenated and deoxygenated blood circulate in the human body.
