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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of cardiotocography (CTG) during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of cardiotocography (CTG) during pregnancy?
How is the fetal heart rate transmitted during cardiotocography?
How is the fetal heart rate transmitted during cardiotocography?
What does a normal fetal heart rate range from?
What does a normal fetal heart rate range from?
What is the significance of baseline variability in fetal heart rate monitoring?
What is the significance of baseline variability in fetal heart rate monitoring?
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What is the classification of a contraction that reaches a pressure of 85 mmHg?
What is the classification of a contraction that reaches a pressure of 85 mmHg?
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During a CTG, if the baseline fetal heart rate shows an average of 175 bpm, what does this indicate?
During a CTG, if the baseline fetal heart rate shows an average of 175 bpm, what does this indicate?
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Which statement about the measurement of contractions in CTG is correct?
Which statement about the measurement of contractions in CTG is correct?
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What is the role of the second transducer in a CTG setup?
What is the role of the second transducer in a CTG setup?
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What heart rate pattern is classified as reassuring?
What heart rate pattern is classified as reassuring?
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Which of the following statements correctly defines late decelerations?
Which of the following statements correctly defines late decelerations?
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What indicates a healthy fetus in terms of fetal heart rate accelerations?
What indicates a healthy fetus in terms of fetal heart rate accelerations?
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What defines an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern?
What defines an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern?
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Which type of deceleration is caused by increased fetal intracranial pressure?
Which type of deceleration is caused by increased fetal intracranial pressure?
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How long must decelerations last to be classified as clinically significant?
How long must decelerations last to be classified as clinically significant?
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What is a common cause of variable decelerations during labor?
What is a common cause of variable decelerations during labor?
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What should be assessed to give an overall impression of the CTG?
What should be assessed to give an overall impression of the CTG?
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Study Notes
Cardiotocography (CTG)
- CTG is most commonly used in the third trimester.
- CTG monitors fetal well-being and detects fetal distress.
- The purpose of CTG is to monitor the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions.
How CTG Works
- Two transducers are used, one to monitor fetal heart rate via ultrasound and the other to monitor uterine contractions.
How to Read a CTG
- FHR: Baseline rate, variability, accelerations, decelerations.
- C: Contractions — frequency, duration, intensity, regularity.
- O: Overall impression.
Fetal Heart Rate (FHR)
- The baseline rate is the average heart rate within a 10-minute window, excluding accelerations and decelerations.
- A normal fetal heart rate is 110-160 bpm.
Variability
- Baseline variability refers to the variation in fetal heart rate between beats.
- Normal variability is 5-25 bpm.
Variability Categories
- Reassuring: 5-25 bpm.
- Non-reassuring: Less than 5 bpm for 30-50 minutes or more than 25 bpm for 15-25 minutes.
- Abnormal: Less than 5 bpm for more than 50 minutes or more than 25 bpm for more than 25 minutes.
Accelerations
- An abrupt increase of greater than 15 bpm in the baseline fetal heart rate for more than 15 seconds is considered reassuring.
Decelerations
- Decelerations are categorized into early, late, and variable decelerations.
- They are abrupt decreases in the baseline fetal heart rate of > 15 bpm for > 15 seconds.
Early Decelerations
- Occur during uterine contractions.
- Recover when contractions end.
- Physiologic (not pathological).
- Due to increased fetal intracranial pressure.
Late Decelerations
- Occur after contractions begin.
- Recover after contractions end.
- Pathological/abnormal.
- Due to insufficient blood flow to the uterus and placenta (e.g., maternal hypotension or placental abruption).
- Leads to fetal hypoxia and acidosis.
Variable Decelerations
- Can occur at any time during a contraction cycle.
- May or may not correlate with a contraction.
- Usually caused by umbilical cord compression.
Contractions (C)
- Record the number of contractions in a 10-minute period.
- Observe individual contractions as peaks.
- Analyze the following:
- Frequency: Number of contractions in 10 minutes.
- Duration: Beginning to end of a single contraction.
- Intensity: Strength of contractions (assessed by palpation).
- Regularity: Intervals of time between contractions.
Types of Contractions
- Mild: <40 mmHg
- Moderate: 40-80 mmHg
- Severe: 80-100 mmHg
Overall Impression
- Assess all aspects of the CTG, describe impression as either reassurin,suspicious or abnormal.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential concepts of cardiotocography (CTG), focusing on its use in monitoring fetal well-being during the third trimester. Learn how to read CTG data including fetal heart rate (FHR), variability, and uterine contractions. Test your understanding of CTG's importance in detecting fetal distress and overall assessment.
