Questions and Answers
Which imaging modality is NOT used for thoracic assessment?
The normal height of a dog's heart in lateral view is approximately 2/3 of the thorax height.
True
What is the Vertebral Heart Score range considered normal?
8.5 - 10.5
In dogs, a prominent sign of myxomatous mitral valve disease is a left apical systolic __________.
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Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
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Which of the following statements about pneumothorax is accurate?
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Eccentric remodeling in the heart is associated with pressure loading conditions.
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The normal width of a cat's heart in DV should be less than __________ of the thorax width.
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What type of loading is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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What is NOT a common pitfall when assessing the thorax?
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Study Notes
Cardiorespiratory Imaging
Modalities
- Radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography are essential imaging techniques for thoracic evaluation.
Technique
- Right lateral positioning is preferred to minimize axial rotation during imaging.
- Centering and collimation should align DV/VD views to the midline.
- Aim for peak inspiration in imaging to ensure a clear diaphragmatic outline.
- Labelling artifacts with mnemonic: "Pink Camels Collect Extra Large Apples" for easy recall.
Assessing Thoracic Anatomy
- Ventral and central positioning of veins is critical in assessments.
- Evaluate lung anatomy and large branching structures.
- Observe for normal and abnormal markings.
- Assess heart anatomy for generalized enlargement and chamber enlargement.
Normal Heart Size and Dimensions
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Dog
- Width: DV view should be ~2/3 the width of the thorax; lateral view should measure 2.5 - 3.5 intercostals.
- Height: Lateral view should be ~2/3 the height of the thorax.
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Cat
- Width: DV view should be less than 2/3 the width of the thorax.
- Short axis: Lateral measurement from the cranial 5th rib to the caudal thorax.
- Long axis: Lateral measurement should be ~2/3 the height of the thorax.
- Vertebral Heart Score (VHS): Normal range is 8.5 - 10.5.
- Size reference for heart structures:
- Main pulmonary artery = 1 - 2.
- Left auricle = 2 - 3.
- Left ventricle = 2 - 5.
- Right ventricle = 5 - 9.
- Right atrium = 9 - 11.
- Aortic arch = 11 - 1.
Pericardial Effusion
- Characterized by an enlarged cardiac silhouette and a globoid appearance.
- Ultrasound serves as a sensitive indicator of pericardial effusion.
- Can affect surrounding structures, including the thoracic skeleton and mediastinum.
Pleural Effusion
- Possible causes include blood, lymphatic fluid, exudate, transudate, or modified transudate.
Pneumothorax
- Identified by lung retraction from the thoracic wall and increased space between heart and sternum.
Pitfalls in Thoracic Assessment
- Atelectasis: Whole or partial lung collapse may complicate assessments.
- Consider patient factors: breed differences, age, presence of nodules, and skin folds may complicate imaging results.
Cardiology
Remodeling Types
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Hypertrophy:
- Muscle growth includes eccentric (volume loading) and concentric (pressure loading).
- Eccentric hypertrophy often results from conditions like mitral regurgitation and dilated cardiomyopathy.
- Concentric hypertrophy is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systemic hypertension.
Heart Failure
- Defined as the heart's inability to maintain sufficient cardiac output, categorized into forward, backward, and congestive heart failure involving fluid accumulation.
Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
- The most common acquired heart disease in small dog breeds.
- Involves thickened, white mitral valve leaflets and chordal rupture leading to mitral regurgitation.
- Characterized by louder, more severe heart murmurs and enlarged left atrium.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Second most common acquired heart disease predominantly seen in large dog breeds.
- Features include ventricular dilation and reduced systolic function.
- Identified by a quiet left apical systolic murmur and eccentric dilation of the heart.
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Description
This quiz covers the various imaging modalities for the thorax, including radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. Additionally, it delves into the techniques for optimal positioning, centering, and exposure during thoracic imaging. Assess your understanding of these essential concepts and methods.
