Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is NOT a type of cardiomyopathy?
What is NOT a type of cardiomyopathy?
Which symptom indicates pulmonary congestion in heart failure?
Which symptom indicates pulmonary congestion in heart failure?
What is a common complication of cardiomyopathy?
What is a common complication of cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of reduced cardiac output?
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of reduced cardiac output?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is an example of a genetic cause of cardiomyopathy?
Which condition is an example of a genetic cause of cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What cardiovascular manifestation is suggested by congested neck veins?
What cardiovascular manifestation is suggested by congested neck veins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hallmark gross finding in dilated cardiomyopathy?
What is a hallmark gross finding in dilated cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle damage is primarily associated with cardiomyopathy?
Which type of muscle damage is primarily associated with cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic microscopic finding in cardiomyopathy?
What is a characteristic microscopic finding in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes left ventricular hypertrophy in cardiomyopathy?
Which statement correctly describes left ventricular hypertrophy in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor predominantly leads to myocyte loss in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What factor predominantly leads to myocyte loss in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition causes infiltration of the myocardium by abnormal substances?
Which condition causes infiltration of the myocardium by abnormal substances?
Signup and view all the answers
What histological feature is commonly observed in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
What histological feature is commonly observed in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primarily affected in diastolic dysfunction?
What is primarily affected in diastolic dysfunction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structural change observed in myocytes under histological examination in cardiomyopathy?
What is the structural change observed in myocytes under histological examination in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy?
What is a primary characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a manifestation of systemic congestion in cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a manifestation of systemic congestion in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of reduced cardiac output?
Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of reduced cardiac output?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cause of cardiomyopathy is associated with the peripartum period?
Which cause of cardiomyopathy is associated with the peripartum period?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following types of cardiomyopathy is characterized by arrhythmias as a prominent feature?
Which of the following types of cardiomyopathy is characterized by arrhythmias as a prominent feature?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of toxins such as alcohol and cocaine on cardiomyopathy?
What is the impact of toxins such as alcohol and cocaine on cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a manifestation of pulmonary congestion?
Which of the following is NOT considered a manifestation of pulmonary congestion?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinct structural change is observed in the myocardium of dilated cardiomyopathy?
What distinct structural change is observed in the myocardium of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of interstitial fibrosis in cardiomyopathy?
What is a characteristic feature of interstitial fibrosis in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which microscopic change is indicative of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Which microscopic change is indicative of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common gross finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
What is a common gross finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes to the diastolic dysfunction seen in cardiomyopathy?
What contributes to the diastolic dysfunction seen in cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with the infiltration of the myocardium by amyloid?
Which condition is associated with the infiltration of the myocardium by amyloid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a defining characteristic of myocytes in conditions leading to myocardial fibrosis?
What is a defining characteristic of myocytes in conditions leading to myocardial fibrosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor primarily leads to tears in the sarcolemmal membrane in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Which factor primarily leads to tears in the sarcolemmal membrane in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is observed microscopically in restrictive cardiomyopathy?
What is observed microscopically in restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cardiomyopathy
- A group of diseases characterized by dysfunction of the myocardium.
-
Types of cardiomyopathy:
- Dilated
- Hypertrophic
- Restrictive
- Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular dysplasia
-
Clinical Picture:
-
Reduced Cardiac Output:
- Easy fatigability
- Cold extremities
- Recurrent syncopal attacks
- Rapid Weak pulse
- Hypotension
-
Pulmonary Congestion:
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Cough
- Pulmonary edema
-
Systemic Congestion:
- Congested neck veins
- Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly (HSM)
- Malabsorption, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- Insomnia
- Edema
-
Reduced Cardiac Output:
-
Complications:
- Arrhythmia
- Sudden cardiac death in young age
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Definition: Damage and wasting of the cardiac myocytes.
-
Causes:
- Genetic: Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker)
- Toxins: Alcohol and cocaine
- Infections: Viral as Coxsackie
- Peripartum: Mostly in 3rd trimester.
-
Grossly:
- The heart assumes a globular shape with pronounced ventricular chamber dilatation, diffuse endocardial thickening and atrial enlargement, often with thrombi in the appendages.
-
Microscopically:
- Increase in myocyte nuclear size
- Myofibrillary loss within myocyte
- Focal myocyte death
- Interstitial fibrosis
-
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy:
- Mutant Dystrophin
- Sarcolemmal membrane tension during contraction → Tears in sarcolemmal membrane & Myocyte loss
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Definition: Thickening of the ventricular wall.
-
Clinical Picture:
- There is diastolic dysfunction (defective filling)
- Obstruction to the blood outflow
- Myocyte hypertrophy and dissarray → arrhythmia
- Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young age.
-
Grossly:
- Main gross findings include left ventricular hypertrophy; asymmetric hypertrophy is more common than symmetric.
- There may also be subaortic mitral valve fibrosis.
-
Microscopically:
- Hallmarks of histological diagnosis:
- Myocyte hypertrophy
- Fibrosis
- Disarray
- Cells are abnormally branched with hyperchromatic and enlarged nuclei.
- Fibrosis is present interstitially between myocytes, around capillaries in a perivascular pattern or forms scar / replacement tissue after myocyte death.
- Hallmarks of histological diagnosis:
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- Definition: Stiffness of the myocardium with resistance to stretch.
-
Clinical Picture:
- There is diastolic dysfunction (defective filling).
- Defective filling during diastole.
-
Causes:
- Infiltration of myocardium by any abnormal substance:
- Amyloid (congo-red positive)
- Sarcoidosis
- Gaucher disease
- Hemochromatosis (Prussian blue)
- Fibrosis of myocardium (toxins, irradiation, carcinoid syndrome, Loffler’s syndrome)
- Infiltration of myocardium by any abnormal substance:
-
Grossly:
- Ventricular cavity is normal.
- Ventricular wall is abnormal, with a rubbery texture.
- Thickening of the endocardium may be observed.
-
Microscopically:
- Microscopic changes are nonspecific and include myocyte hypertrophy, focal or diffuse perimyocytic fibrosis and focal myofiber disarray.
Cardiomyopathy
- A group of diseases characterized by dysfunction of the myocardium.
- Types include:
- Dilated
- Hypertrophic
- Restrictive
- Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular dysplasia
- Manifestations of Heart Failure:
- Reduced cardiac output
- Easy fatigability
- Cold extremities
- Recurrent syncopal attacks
- Rapid weak pulse
- Hypotension
- Pulmonary congestion
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Cough
- Pulmonary edema
- Systemic congestion
- Congested neck veins
- Hepatosplenomegaly (HSM)
- Malabsorption, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- Insomnia
- Edema
- Reduced cardiac output
- Complications:
- Arrhythmia
- Sudden cardiac death in young age
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
- Damage and wasting of the cardiac myocytes.
- Thinning of the myocardium and dilatation of the left ventricular cavity.
- Causes:
- Genetic: Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker)
- Toxins: Alcohol and cocaine
- Infections: Viral, such as Coxsackie
- Peripartum: Mostly in the 3rd trimester
- Gross appearance:
- Heart assumes a globular shape
- Pronounced ventricular chamber dilatation
- Diffuse endocardial thickening and atrial enlargement
- Often with thrombi in the appendages
- Microscopic appearance:
- Increase in myocyte nuclear size
- Myofibrillary loss within myocyte
- Focal myocyte death
- Interstitial fibrosis
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
- Mutant Dystrophin
- Sarcolemmal membrane tension during contraction → Tears in sarcolemmal membrane & myocyte loss
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Thickening of the ventricular wall.
- Diastolic dysfunction (defective filling).
- Obstruction to the blood outflow
- Myocyte hypertrophy and dissarray → arrhythmia
- Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young age.
- Gross appearance:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Asymmetric hypertrophy is more common than symmetric
- Subaortic mitral valve fibrosis
- Microscopic appearance:
- Myocyte hypertrophy
- Fibrosis
- Disarray
- Cells are abnormally branched with hyperchromatic and enlarged nuclei
- Fibrosis is present interstitially between myocytes, around capillaries in a perivascular pattern or forms scar/replacement tissue after myocyte death.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
- Diastolic dysfunction (defective filling).
- Stiffness of the myocardium with resistance to stretch.
- Causes:
- Infiltration of myocardium by any abnormal substance:
- Amyloid (congo-red positive)
- Sarcoidosis
- Gaucher disease
- Hemochromatosis (Prussian blue)
- Fibrosis of myocardium (toxins, irradiation, carcinoid syndrome, Loffler’s syndrome
- Infiltration of myocardium by any abnormal substance:
- Gross appearance:
- Ventricular cavity is normal.
- Ventricular wall is abnormal, with a rubbery texture.
- Thickening of the endocardium may be observed.
- Microscopic appearance:
- Nonspecific changes including myocyte hypertrophy, focal or diffuse perimyocytic fibrosis and focal myofiber disarray.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.