Podcast
Questions and Answers
Rheumatic heart disease is primarily triggered by which etiological agent?
Rheumatic heart disease is primarily triggered by which etiological agent?
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Group A β-hemolytic streptococci (correct)
- Candida albicans
In infective endocarditis, what is the primary process in the pathogenesis of the disease?
In infective endocarditis, what is the primary process in the pathogenesis of the disease?
- Autoimmune destruction of the pericardial sac.
- Formation of atherosclerotic plaques leading to reduced blood flow.
- Invasion and colonization of endocardial structures by microorganisms, resulting in inflammation and vegetation. (correct)
- Genetic mutation causing abnormal heart muscle development.
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, an increase in preload will result in which of the following?
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, an increase in preload will result in which of the following?
- Decreased heart rate in order to compensate for increased blood volume.
- No change in stroke volume as the heart's capacity is already maxed out.
- Increased stroke volume due to enhanced myocardial contractility. (correct)
- Decreased stroke volume due to over-stretching of the myocardium.
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output, assuming all other factors remain constant?
Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output, assuming all other factors remain constant?
A patient's ejection fraction (EF) is measured at 35%. Based on this finding, which of the following conditions is most likely present?
A patient's ejection fraction (EF) is measured at 35%. Based on this finding, which of the following conditions is most likely present?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV)?
What is the primary mechanism by which stimulation of β1 receptors affects heart rate?
What is the primary mechanism by which stimulation of β1 receptors affects heart rate?
Which of the following is a common etiology of systolic heart failure?
Which of the following is a common etiology of systolic heart failure?
A patient with diastolic heart failure is likely to have which of the following findings?
A patient with diastolic heart failure is likely to have which of the following findings?
How does stimulation of α1 receptors primarily contribute to an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
How does stimulation of α1 receptors primarily contribute to an increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What physiological change would chemoreceptors detect that would lead to an increase in blood pressure?
What physiological change would chemoreceptors detect that would lead to an increase in blood pressure?
Which of the following compensatory mechanisms in heart failure can eventually lead to further myocardial damage?
Which of the following compensatory mechanisms in heart failure can eventually lead to further myocardial damage?
According to the provided information, what blood pressure readings define hypertension?
According to the provided information, what blood pressure readings define hypertension?
A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles in the lungs. These findings are most consistent with:
A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles in the lungs. These findings are most consistent with:
What is the distinguishing characteristic of isolated systolic hypertension?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of isolated systolic hypertension?
Jugular vein distention and hepatomegaly are clinical manifestations commonly associated with:
Jugular vein distention and hepatomegaly are clinical manifestations commonly associated with:
If a patient presents with hypertensive crisis and cerebral edema, what immediate intervention is MOST critical?
If a patient presents with hypertensive crisis and cerebral edema, what immediate intervention is MOST critical?
An elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level in a patient is most indicative of:
An elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level in a patient is most indicative of:
Which of the following treatment strategies is aimed at reducing preload in a patient with heart failure?
Which of the following treatment strategies is aimed at reducing preload in a patient with heart failure?
Which of the following is the primary process underlying coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Which of the following is the primary process underlying coronary heart disease (CHD)?
What is the MOST direct consequence of the narrowing of the arterial lumen in atherosclerosis?
What is the MOST direct consequence of the narrowing of the arterial lumen in atherosclerosis?
A patient in ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) requires immediate:
A patient in ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) requires immediate:
What is the primary goal of treatment for a patient diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)?
What is the primary goal of treatment for a patient diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)?
What is the role of oxidized LDLs (Low-density lipoproteins) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and how does this process contribute to the overall development of the disease?
What is the role of oxidized LDLs (Low-density lipoproteins) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and how does this process contribute to the overall development of the disease?
A patient with long-standing heart failure develops anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. Current medication regimen includes Digoxin 0.25mg daily. Which of the following is MOST likely to be the cause of this patient's presentation?
A patient with long-standing heart failure develops anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. Current medication regimen includes Digoxin 0.25mg daily. Which of the following is MOST likely to be the cause of this patient's presentation?
In rheumatic heart disease, which component of the heart is most directly targeted by the autoimmune response?
In rheumatic heart disease, which component of the heart is most directly targeted by the autoimmune response?
How does the Frank-Starling mechanism primarily enhance cardiac performance?
How does the Frank-Starling mechanism primarily enhance cardiac performance?
What is the immediate effect of atrial receptor activation on heart rate regulation?
What is the immediate effect of atrial receptor activation on heart rate regulation?
A patient's end-systolic volume increases while the end-diastolic volume remains constant. All other factors remaining the same, what is MOST likely to be observed?
A patient's end-systolic volume increases while the end-diastolic volume remains constant. All other factors remaining the same, what is MOST likely to be observed?
Considering the interplay between preload, afterload, and contractility, which scenario would MOST severely compromise cardiac output in a patient with pre-existing heart failure?
Considering the interplay between preload, afterload, and contractility, which scenario would MOST severely compromise cardiac output in a patient with pre-existing heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which atherosclerosis contributes to coronary heart disease (CHD)?
What is the primary mechanism by which atherosclerosis contributes to coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Which of the following factors directly influences stroke volume by affecting the degree of myocardial fiber stretch before contraction?
Which of the following factors directly influences stroke volume by affecting the degree of myocardial fiber stretch before contraction?
What is the initiating event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
What is the initiating event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following hemodynamic changes would the baroreceptors be MOST sensitive to?
Which of the following hemodynamic changes would the baroreceptors be MOST sensitive to?
What is the primary role of oxidized LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary role of oxidized LDLs in the development of atherosclerosis?
A patient presents with a blood pressure reading of 150/85 mmHg on two separate occasions. Which of the following best describes the patient's condition?
A patient presents with a blood pressure reading of 150/85 mmHg on two separate occasions. Which of the following best describes the patient's condition?
In systolic heart failure, reduced contractility directly leads to which of the following conditions?
In systolic heart failure, reduced contractility directly leads to which of the following conditions?
Diastolic heart failure is often associated with which of the following?
Diastolic heart failure is often associated with which of the following?
Which of the following is the MOST immediate threat posed by hypertensive crisis?
Which of the following is the MOST immediate threat posed by hypertensive crisis?
Which of the following is the most significant, non-modifiable risk factor for the development of isolated systolic hypertension?
Which of the following is the most significant, non-modifiable risk factor for the development of isolated systolic hypertension?
Which clinical manifestation is primarily associated with right heart failure?
Which clinical manifestation is primarily associated with right heart failure?
A previously healthy individual experiences a sudden, severe emotional stress. Which of the following cardiovascular responses is MOST directly mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
A previously healthy individual experiences a sudden, severe emotional stress. Which of the following cardiovascular responses is MOST directly mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
What is the primary purpose of administering beta-blockers in the treatment of heart failure?
What is the primary purpose of administering beta-blockers in the treatment of heart failure?
In the context of blood pressure regulation, what is the most direct effect of stimulating alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors?
In the context of blood pressure regulation, what is the most direct effect of stimulating alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors?
Why does atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) increase the risk of thrombus formation?
Why does atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) increase the risk of thrombus formation?
A patient in ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) will exhibit which of the following on an ECG?
A patient in ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) will exhibit which of the following on an ECG?
What is the rationale behind using diuretics in the treatment of heart failure?
What is the rationale behind using diuretics in the treatment of heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic hypertension contributes to diastolic heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic hypertension contributes to diastolic heart failure?
A patient with a significantly elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is MOST likely experiencing which of the following?
A patient with a significantly elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is MOST likely experiencing which of the following?
In ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib), what is the MOST critical and immediate intervention required to improve patient survival?
In ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib), what is the MOST critical and immediate intervention required to improve patient survival?
Flashcards
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output equals Heart Rate multiplied by Stroke Volume. These factors determine how much blood the heart pumps.
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors
Blood pressure regulation relies on receptors in the carotid sinus & aorta that sense stretch in vessel walls; activation decreases BP.
Hypertension (HTN)
Hypertension (HTN)
SBP is greater than 140 mmHg and/or DBP is greater than 90 mmHg, confirmed on two separate occasions.
Hypertension Crisis
Hypertension Crisis
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
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Atherosclerosis Cause
Atherosclerosis Cause
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Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis
Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis
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Troponin T
Troponin T
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Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)
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Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic Heart Disease
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Preload
Preload
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Afterload
Afterload
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Systolic Heart Failure
Systolic Heart Failure
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Diastolic Heart Failure
Diastolic Heart Failure
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Low Cardiac Output (CO)
Low Cardiac Output (CO)
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Backward Heart Failure
Backward Heart Failure
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HF Compensatory Mechanisms
HF Compensatory Mechanisms
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HF: Hypertrophy & Remodeling
HF: Hypertrophy & Remodeling
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Left Heart Failure: Clinical Manifestations
Left Heart Failure: Clinical Manifestations
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Right Heart Failure: Clinical Manifestiations
Right Heart Failure: Clinical Manifestiations
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Elevated B Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Elevated B Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
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Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)
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Infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis
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Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic Fever
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Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume
Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume
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Ejection Fraction (EF)
Ejection Fraction (EF)
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Heart Failure (HF)
Heart Failure (HF)
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Normal Ejection Fraction
Normal Ejection Fraction
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Systolic HF Etiology
Systolic HF Etiology
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Diastolic HF Etiology
Diastolic HF Etiology
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Heart Failure Pathogenesis
Heart Failure Pathogenesis
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Forward Heart Failure
Forward Heart Failure
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HF Management
HF Management
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Reduce Preload/Afterload
Reduce Preload/Afterload
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Improve Contractility
Improve Contractility
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Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib)
Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib)
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α1 Stimulation
α1 Stimulation
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Beta 1 (β1) Stimulation
Beta 1 (β1) Stimulation
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Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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Study Notes
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) equals heart rate (HR) times stroke volume (SV).
- Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Factors Increasing Blood Pressure
- Increases in preload, contractility, fluid volume, and venous constriction elevate blood pressure
Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure Regulation
- Cardiac output is regulated by preload, afterload, contractility, central nervous system activity, autonomic nervous system, neural reflexes, atrial receptors, hormones, and biochemicals
Regulation of Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is regulated locally by ionic factors (O2, K+, CO2, H) and Autoregulation
- Hormonal regulations of BP involve vasodilators (prostaglandins, kinins, endothelial-derived factors like nitric oxide)
- Hormonal regulations of BP involved vasoconstrictors (angiotensin, epinephrine, Ca++, endothelial-derived factors)
Myocardial Ischemia
- Reduced blood supply to the myocardial tissue
- Can show an S-T shift on the ECG
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Ischemia
- Arterial oxygen content supply needs to be balanced with heart rate/preload/afterload/contractility demand
ACS Algorithm
- Algorithm to determine if a patient has Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Starts will presentation of signs and symptoms, and continues through workup to final diagnosis
Myocardial Infarction Zones
- Characterized by a presence of a zone of Ischemia, a zone of infarction and necrosis, and a zone of Hypoxic injury
Angina or Myocardial Infarction Differentials
- ECG changes such as ST elevation or large Q waves can help differentiate diagnosis
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blood flow through the heart?
- Blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonic semilunar valve, to the lungs
A client is diagnosed with increased systemic vascular resistance. What will be the effect on the heart?
- The left ventricle will be required to pump harder, to overcome the heightened SVR
Which plaque is most prone to rupture?
- A plaque with a large lipid core and a thin cap poses is most prone to rupture
A client is complaining of having intermittent "chest pain" after exercise. This is most likely caused by?
- Atherosclerotic plaque leading to stable angina is often the cause, related to exercise
Which of the following is a finding unique to left-sided heart failure?
- Shortness of breath
Which patient should the nurse assess first? A patient with...
- Ventricular fibrillation since it is life threatening
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