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Questions and Answers
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function?
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (correct)
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- None of the above
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
- Familial forms
- Cardiac cytoskeletal proteins
- Genetic abnormalities (correct)
- Acute viral myocarditis
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
- Cardiac cytoskeletal proteins
- Myofibrillar proteins
- Titin (TTN) (correct)
- Nuclear membrane proteins
Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?
Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
Which of the following is a common infecting organism in viral myocarditis?
Which of the following is a common infecting organism in viral myocarditis?
What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
Which group of patients is at higher risk for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Which group of patients is at higher risk for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?
What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?
What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?
What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its positive inotropic effect?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its positive inotropic effect?
What is the incidence of sudden death in HCM?
What is the incidence of sudden death in HCM?
Which diagnostic tool can quantify the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in HCM?
Which diagnostic tool can quantify the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in HCM?
What is the most common recognized cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
What is the most common recognized cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a consequence of ventricular enlargement?
Which of the following is a consequence of ventricular enlargement?
What are the most common symptoms of low forward cardiac output?
What are the most common symptoms of low forward cardiac output?
What are the signs of decreased cardiac output?
What are the signs of decreased cardiac output?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common name for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common name for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the recommended treatment for arrhythmias in patients with chronic symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the recommended treatment for arrhythmias in patients with chronic symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?
What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?
What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?
What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in HCM?
What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in HCM?
Which of the following ECG findings is NOT associated with HCM?
Which of the following ECG findings is NOT associated with HCM?
Which of the following viruses is commonly associated with viral myocarditis?
Which of the following viruses is commonly associated with viral myocarditis?
What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?
What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?
What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?
What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?
What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but typically normal or near normal systolic contractile function?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but typically normal or near normal systolic contractile function?
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?
Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?
What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?
What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?
Which of the following is a consequence of outflow tract obstruction in HCM?
Which of the following is a consequence of outflow tract obstruction in HCM?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its negative inotropic effect?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its negative inotropic effect?
What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?
What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?
Which of the following is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?
Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?
What is the most common recognized cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the most common recognized cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?
Which of the following is a common symptom of viral myocarditis?
Which of the following is a common symptom of viral myocarditis?
Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Which compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure to increase cardiac output?
Which compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure to increase cardiac output?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic elevated levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in heart failure?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronic elevated levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in heart failure?
Which of the following is the most common identifiable cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which of the following is the most common identifiable cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?
Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?
What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?
What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?
What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?
Which of the following ECG findings is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Which of the following ECG findings is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Match the following types of cardiomyopathy with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cardiomyopathy with their descriptions:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their common genetic abnormalities:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their common genetic abnormalities:
Match the following forms of the TTN gene with their corresponding heart properties:
Match the following forms of the TTN gene with their corresponding heart properties:
Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their primary ventricular dysfunctions:
Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their primary ventricular dysfunctions:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their characteristics:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their characteristics:
Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their ventricular abnormalities:
Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their ventricular abnormalities:
Match the following consequences with their causes in the context of ventricular enlargement leading to Mitral and Tricuspid Valve regurgitation:
Match the following consequences with their causes in the context of ventricular enlargement leading to Mitral and Tricuspid Valve regurgitation:
Match the following symptoms with their causes in the context of low forward CO:
Match the following symptoms with their causes in the context of low forward CO:
Match the following signs of decreased CO with their descriptions:
Match the following signs of decreased CO with their descriptions:
Match the following cardiac examination findings with their conditions:
Match the following cardiac examination findings with their conditions:
Match the following ECG findings with their conditions:
Match the following ECG findings with their conditions:
Match the following risk factors with their associated conditions in patients with DCM:
Match the following risk factors with their associated conditions in patients with DCM:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their associated characteristics:
Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their associated characteristics:
Match the following factors to their effects on cellular function in relation to ethanol:
Match the following factors to their effects on cellular function in relation to ethanol:
Match the following compensatory effects activated as SV and CO decline in DCM:
Match the following compensatory effects activated as SV and CO decline in DCM:
Match the following compensatory responses to their effects in heart failure:
Match the following compensatory responses to their effects in heart failure:
Match the following detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure:
Match the following detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure:
Match the following risk factors to their associated cardiomyopathy type:
Match the following risk factors to their associated cardiomyopathy type:
Match the following diagnostic procedures with their primary uses in HCM:
Match the following diagnostic procedures with their primary uses in HCM:
Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:
Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:
Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:
Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:
Match the following diagnostic tools with their uses in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis:
Match the following diagnostic tools with their uses in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis:
Match the following clinical manifestations with their associated cardiomyopathies:
Match the following clinical manifestations with their associated cardiomyopathies:
Match the following causes with their associated cardiomyopathies:
Match the following causes with their associated cardiomyopathies:
Match the following Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) related terms with their corresponding explanations:
Match the following Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) related terms with their corresponding explanations:
Match the following terms related to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) with their descriptions:
Match the following risk factors with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following risk factors with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following terms with their corresponding effects in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following terms with their corresponding effects in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following ECG findings with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following ECG findings with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following conditions with their corresponding effect on the murmur in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
Match the following conditions with their corresponding effect on the murmur in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
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Study Notes
Cardiomyopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function.
- The most common identifiable cause of DCM is genetic mutations, particularly in the TTN gene.
- The TTN gene with truncating mutations is associated with a more compliant ventricle.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- HCM is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function.
- The most common recognized cause of HCM is genetic mutations, particularly in the β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) genes.
- The primary cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in HCM is increased oxygen demand and decreased coronary blood flow.
- The standard therapy for HCM is β-blockers, verapamil, and diltiazem.
- Medications like digoxin and catecholamines should be avoided in HCM due to their positive inotropic effect.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
- RCM is characterized by a stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but typically normal or near-normal systolic contractile function.
- The most common cause of RCM is amyloidosis.
- Cardiac catheterization is the most useful diagnostic tool in differentiating RCM from constrictive pericarditis.
Viral Myocarditis
- Viral myocarditis is a cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people.
- The primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis is immune-mediated response and direct viral cytotoxicity.
- Coxsackievirus B is a common virus associated with viral myocarditis.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by a reversible left ventricular dysfunction, often triggered by emotional or physical stress.
- The characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a reversible, stress-induced ventricular dysfunction.
Heart Failure
- In heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are activated to increase cardiac output, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system.
- The detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure include vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, and cardiac remodeling.
Other
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy women, particularly in the last month of pregnancy or the first five months after delivery.
- The signs of decreased cardiac output include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
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