Cardiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function?

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (correct)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

None of the above

What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Familial forms

Cardiac cytoskeletal proteins

Genetic abnormalities (correct)

Acute viral myocarditis

Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Cardiac cytoskeletal proteins

Myofibrillar proteins

Titin (TTN) (correct)

Nuclear membrane proteins

Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?

The larger N2A form Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?

Acute viral myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common infecting organism in viral myocarditis?

Adenovirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?

Immune-mediated injury triggered by viral constituents Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients is at higher risk for peripartum cardiomyopathy?

Multiple pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Normal coronary anatomic distribution Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?

Increased sympathetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?

Pulmonary and systemic congestion Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?

Presence of amyloid fibrils or iron deposits in patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

B-Blockers Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its positive inotropic effect?

Digitalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence of sudden death in HCM?

2% to 4% per year in adults Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool can quantify the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in HCM?

HCM Echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common recognized cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of ventricular enlargement?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common symptoms of low forward cardiac output?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of decreased cardiac output?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common name for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for arrhythmias in patients with chronic symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

AICD Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Orthostatic light-headedness Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?

The anterior mitral leaflet is drawn toward the septum by Venturi forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?

Ventricular fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in HCM?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ECG findings is NOT associated with HCM?

Prominent Q waves in the lateral leads Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is commonly associated with viral myocarditis?

Coxsackievirus group B Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothesized cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?

Immune-mediated injury triggered by viral constituents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?

Multiple pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Regional left ventricular dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanisms are activated in heart failure?

Increased heart rate and contractility Signup and view all the answers

What are the detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure?

Increased ventricular volume Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?

Peripheral edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Microvascular dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Normal ECG findings Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?

Direct viral invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?

Cardiac catheterization Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Myocyte disarray and fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but typically normal or near normal systolic contractile function?

Restrictive cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

TTN Signup and view all the answers

Which form of the TTN gene is associated with a more compliant ventricle?

N2A form Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?

Viral myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Transient left ventricular dysfunction with apical ballooning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for sudden death among patients with HCM?

Prior ventricular tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?

Elevated diastolic LV pressures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of outflow tract obstruction in HCM?

Increased myocardial oxygen demand Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided in patients with HCM due to its negative inotropic effect?

Positive inotropic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the first clinical manifestation of HCM in some patients, often resulting in sudden cardiac death during strenuous physical exertion?

Syncope Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?

Digitalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?

Presence of amyloid fibrils or iron deposits in patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

2% to 4% per year in adults Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Family history of sudden cardiac death Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common recognized cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Genetic abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is associated with the most frequent truncating mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Titin (TTN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?

Viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?

Cardiac MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people?

Viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of viral myocarditis?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for peripartum cardiomyopathy?

Multiple pregnancies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Regional left ventricular dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure to increase cardiac output?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic elevated levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in heart failure?

Increased pathologic myocardial fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common identifiable cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Viral infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of low forward cardiac output in heart failure?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis?

Direct viral invasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?

Vigorous systolic LV contractile function Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?

Digitalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common identifiable cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Viral myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tools is most useful in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis?

Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) due to its positive inotropic effect?

Digitalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathological finding in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Asymmetrical wall thickness Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

Amyloidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

2% to 4% per year in adults Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Orthopnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of dyspnea on exertion in patients with obstructive HCM?

Elevated diastolic LV pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

High oxygen demand of increased muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for sudden death among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Family history of sudden death Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in HCM with outflow obstruction?

Abnormal motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet toward the LV outflow tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ECG findings is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cardiomyopathy with their descriptions:

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) = Ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) = Thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but systolic contractile function is typically normal or near normal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their common genetic abnormalities:

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) = Truncating mutations in the large sarcomeric gene titin (TTN) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) = Mutations in genes coding for sarcomere proteins Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Mutations in genes coding for sarcomere and/or cytoskeletal proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of the TTN gene with their corresponding heart properties:

N2A form = More compliant ventricle N2B form = Stiffer heart Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their primary ventricular dysfunctions:

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) = Impaired systolic contractile function Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) = Abnormal diastolic relaxation Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Impaired diastolic relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their characteristics:

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) = Ventricular chamber enlargement Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) = Thickened ventricular wall Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Stiffened myocardium Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their ventricular abnormalities:

Match the following consequences with their causes in the context of ventricular enlargement leading to Mitral and Tricuspid Valve regurgitation:

Atrial fibrillation = LA dilation Decreased SV = CO Severe LV dilation = Ventricular enlargement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their causes in the context of low forward CO:

Fatigue, Light-headedness, Exertional dyspnea = Decreased tissue perfusion Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea = Pulmonary congestion Ascites and peripheral edema = Chronic systemic venous congestion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following signs of decreased CO with their descriptions:

Cool extremities = Owing to peripheral vasoconstriction and lack of flow Decreased Bp = Sign of decreased CO Pulmonary venous congestion and rales = Presence of crackles Basilar chest dullness to percussion = Presence of pleural effusions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiac examination findings with their conditions:

Enlarged heart, S3 heart sound, Murmur = MV regurgitation Systemic venous congestion, Jugular vein distention, Hepatomegaly, Ascites and peripheral edema = RV failure TV regurgitation with subsequent murmur = RV failure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ECG findings with their conditions:

Atrial and Ventricular enlargement, A-fib, V-tach, LBBB or RBBB, and Q waves = ECG Enlargement of the affected ventricle(s), No concentric hypertrophy, Global reduction of systolic ventricular function, Mitral and/or tricuspid regurgitation = Echocardiography Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk factors with their associated conditions in patients with DCM:

Blood stasis in the ventricles = Poor systolic function Stasis in the atria = Chamber enlargement or atrial fibrillation Systemic venous stasis = Poor circulatory flow Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiomyopathy types with their associated characteristics:

Viral myocarditis = Usually a self-limited illness with full recovery Peripartum cardiomyopathy = Presents with heart failure symptoms between the last month of pregnancy and up to 6 months postpartum Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy = A form of temporary DCM, characterized by acute and transient left ventricular dysfunction after a severe emotional or physically stressful event DCM = Characterised by ventricular dilatation with decreased contractile function Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors to their effects on cellular function in relation to ethanol:

Mitochondrial oxidative function = Impairment of cellular function Myofilament protein synthesis = Decrease Cytosolic calcium levels = Alteration Myocyte apoptosis = Leads to Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compensatory effects activated as SV and CO decline in DCM:

The Frank–Starling mechanism = More preload and more output to a point Neurohormonal activation = Increased HR and contractility and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compensatory responses to their effects in heart failure:

Increased sympathetic stimulation = Increases heart rate and contractility Increased RAAS activity = Leads to fluid retention, contributing to preload Vasopressin secretion = Leads to fluid retention, contributing to preload Venoconstriction = Augments preload, and contributes to ventricular enlargement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure:

Arteriolar vasoconstriction and increased systemic resistance = Makes it more difficult for the LV to eject blood in the forward direction Rise in intravascular volume = Further burdens the ventricles resulting in pulmonary and systemic congestion Chronically elevated levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone = Directly contribute to pathologic myocardial remodeling and fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk factors to their associated cardiomyopathy type:

Older maternal age, African American, Multiple pregnancies = Peripartum cardiomyopathy Severe emotional or physically stressful event = Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic procedures with their primary uses in HCM:

HCM Echocardiography = Quantifies the degree of LV hypertrophy, Asymmetrical wall thickness readily identified and measured Cardiac catheterization = Useful when percutaneous septal ablation is planned, Quantify pressure gradient within the outflow portion of the LV Genetic testing = Can be helpful in establishing, or excluding, the diagnosis of HCM in family members of an affected patient when a specific mutation in that family has been identified AICD = HCM patients who are at high-risk of sudden cardiac death should receive an ICD Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:

B-Blockers = Reduce myocardial oxygen demand, Lessen any LV outflow gradient during exercise Calcium Channel Antagonists = Verapamil may improve ventricular relaxation and filling (reduce stiffness) Diuretics = Should be used cautiously to avoid worsening outflow obstruction Nitrites = Should be avoided because they can reduce LV size, worsening obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic agents with their effects in HCM:

Antiarrhythmics = Atrial fibrillation is poorly tolerated in HCM and should be controlled aggressively. Amiodarone and disopyramide are the best tolerated agents Digitalis = Should be avoided (undesirable positive inotropic effect) which can worsen outflow tract obstruction Surgical (Myomectomy) = Considered for patients whose symptoms do not respond adequately to pharmacologic therapy AICD = HCM patients who are at high-risk of sudden cardiac death should receive an ICD Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic tools with their uses in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis:

Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy = Presence of amyloid fibrils or iron deposits (hemochromatosis) in patients suggests restrictive cardiomyopathy Computed Tomography (CT) = Presence of thickened pericardium is consistent with constrictive pericarditis MRI = Presence of thickened pericardium is consistent with constrictive pericarditis Echocardiography = Useful in distinguishing between restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical manifestations with their associated cardiomyopathies:

Diastolic dysfunction = Restrictive cardiomyopathy Systolic dysfunction = Dilated cardiomyopathy Ventricular hypertrophy = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Arrhythmias and conduction impairments = Restrictive cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes with their associated cardiomyopathies:

Fibrosis or scarring of the endomyocardium = Restrictive cardiomyopathy Infiltration of the myocardium by an abnormal substance = Restrictive cardiomyopathy Amyloidosis = Restrictive cardiomyopathy Genetic variants = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) related terms with their corresponding explanations:

Dyspnea = Mainly due to elevated diastolic LV pressures, elevated pulmonary capillary pressures, high systolic LV pressure, and mitral regurgitation in patients with outflow tract obstruction Angina = Caused by the high oxygen demand of the increased muscle mass, narrowed small branches of the coronary arteries within the hypertrophied ventricular wall and increased wall stress if outflow tract obstruction is present Syncope = Induced by exertion in patients with outflow tract obstruction when the pressure gradient is made worse by the increased force of contraction, causing a transient fall in cardiac output Arrhythmias = Arise because of the structurally abnormal myofibers, worsened by the loss of the normal atrial 'kick' that impairs diastolic filling Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) with their descriptions:

Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM) = An abnormal motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet toward the LV outflow tract because of the protruding thickened septum Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MVR) = Results from poor leaflet coaptation, further elevates LA and PCWPs, worsening symptoms of dyspnea and development of A-fib Outflow Obstruction = Manifested by approximately one third of patients with HCM HCM Symptoms = Include dyspnea, angina, syncope, and arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk factors with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):

History of syncope = Risk factor for sudden death Extreme hypertrophy of the LV wall (>30mm in thickness) = Risk factor for sudden death Positive inotropic drugs = Contribute to and worsen outflow obstruction Certain high-risk HCM mutations = Genetic study is done on these patients Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding effects in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):

Negative inotropic drugs (β-blockers, verapamil) = Decrease the amount of obstruction Myocardial ischemia = May be contributed to by the high oxygen demand of the increased muscle mass and the narrowed small branches of the coronary arteries within the hypertrophied ventricular wall Increased LV stiffness and diastolic dysfunction = Symptoms of obstructive HCM appear to primarily stem from these High systolic ventricular pressure = If outflow tract obstruction is present, this increases myocardial oxygen demand because of the increased wall stress and contributes further to ischemia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ECG findings with the condition they are associated with in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):

Left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement = Common ECG finding in HCM Prominent Q waves in the lateral leads = Reciprocal of powerful septal forces Diffuse T wave inversions = Common ECG finding in HCM Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias = Frequent in HCM and particularly ominous because they may herald ventricular fibrillation and sudden death Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their corresponding effect on the murmur in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):

AS murmur = Worse when ventricle is full HCM Murmur = Worse when ventricle is empty A-fibrillation = Most common arrhythmia in HCM, loss of the normal atrial 'kick' impairs diastolic filling and worsens symptoms of pulmonary congestion Orthostatic light-headedness = Common in patients with outflow tract obstruction as venous return to the heart is reduced on standing by the gravitational pooling of blood in the lower extremities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement with impaired systolic contractile function.
The most common identifiable cause of DCM is genetic mutations, particularly in the TTN gene.
The TTN gene with truncating mutations is associated with a more compliant ventricle.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

HCM is characterized by a thickened ventricular wall with abnormal diastolic relaxation, but usually intact systolic function.
The most common recognized cause of HCM is genetic mutations, particularly in the β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) genes.
The primary cause of myocardial ischemia (and angina) in HCM is increased oxygen demand and decreased coronary blood flow.
The standard therapy for HCM is β-blockers, verapamil, and diltiazem.
Medications like digoxin and catecholamines should be avoided in HCM due to their positive inotropic effect.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)

RCM is characterized by a stiffened myocardium leading to impaired diastolic relaxation, but typically normal or near-normal systolic contractile function.
The most common cause of RCM is amyloidosis.
Cardiac catheterization is the most useful diagnostic tool in differentiating RCM from constrictive pericarditis.

Viral Myocarditis

Viral myocarditis is a cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy people.
The primary cause of myocardial destruction and fibrosis in viral myocarditis is immune-mediated response and direct viral cytotoxicity.
Coxsackievirus B is a common virus associated with viral myocarditis.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by a reversible left ventricular dysfunction, often triggered by emotional or physical stress.
The characteristic feature of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a reversible, stress-induced ventricular dysfunction.

Heart Failure

In heart failure, compensatory mechanisms are activated to increase cardiac output, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system.
The detrimental effects of neurohormonal compensatory responses in heart failure include vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, and cardiac remodeling.

Other

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a cause of cardiomyopathy that can afflict young, previously healthy women, particularly in the last month of pregnancy or the first five months after delivery.
The signs of decreased cardiac output include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the detrimental consequences of ventricular enlargement and mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation. Learn about the common symptoms of low forward cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. Challenge yourself with this quiz to enhance your understanding of these important concepts in cardiology.