Cardiology practice test
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of a Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)?

  • Late beat/complex
  • Absent beat/complex
  • Early beat/complex (correct)
  • Normal beat/complex
  • What is the treatment for a stable bradycardic rhythm?

  • Oxygen, Nitro, Aspirin
  • Pacing (TCP)
  • Atropine (0.5 mg, max of 3 mg, repeat every 3-5 min) (correct)
  • Synchronized cardiovert
  • What is the characteristic of a Second Degree AV Block Type 1 (Mobitz Type 1/Wenckebach)?

  • PRI is always constant
  • Nonconducted P waves and QRS complexes
  • PRI grows longer and longer with each P wave before a P wave appears with a missing QRS complex (correct)
  • Two P waves appear for each QRS – 2:1 AV block
  • What is the treatment for a heart block?

    <p>Pacing (TCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a right-sided heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a stroke patient?

    <p>IV, O2, monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an atrial fibrillation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a TIA?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia?

    <p>Irregular rhythm with varying shaped P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta 1 blockers on the heart?

    <p>Decrease heart rate and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the AV Node in the electrical conduction system of the heart?

    <p>Delays transmission of atrial activity to ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of alpha 1 receptors in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Bundle of His in the electrical conduction system of the heart?

    <p>Transmits electrical signals from the AV Node to the Bundle Branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of dopamine in cardiogenic shock?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the SA Node in the electrical conduction system of the heart?

    <p>Generates the heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucagon on beta blocker overdose?

    <p>Reverses beta blocker effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of nitroglycerin in the treatment of cardiogenic shock?

    <p>Vasodilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for synchronized cardioversion?

    <p>Unstable tachydysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of atenolol on the heart?

    <p>Decreases heart rate and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Antidotes for beta blocker overdoses:
      • Glucagon: beta 2, alpha 1 (vasoconstricts, high BP)
      • Blockers end in "pril" or "lol"
    • Cardiac cellular action potential:
      • Phase 0: depolarized, QRS complex, sodium rushes in
      • Phase 1: repolarized, sodium stops leaving cell, potassium slowly enters cell
      • Phase 2: repolarized, ST segment on EKG, plateau phase
      • Phase 3: final phase of repolarization, potassium rushes in, sodium rushes out
      • Phase 4: polarized, resting phase (negatively charged), potassium in cell
    • Cardiac output: stroke volume x heart rate
    • BP = SV x HR x CO

    Commonly Prescribed Heart Medications

    • Antiarrhythmics:
      • Digoxin: beta 1 agonist (increases contraction/HR)
      • Procainamide
      • Amiodarone
      • Verapamil
      • Cardizem (Diltiazem): calcium channel blocker
    • Anticoagulants:
      • Enoxaparin
      • Clopidogrel
      • Warfarin
    • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (Alpha 1):
      • Captopril
      • Enalapril
      • Lisinopril
    • Beta-Blockers:
      • Atenolol
      • Metoprolol
      • Propranolol
    • Lipid-Lowering agents:
      • Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
      • Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
      • Fluvastatin (Lescol)
      • Lovastatin (Mevacor)
      • Pravastatin (Pravachol)
      • Rosuvastatin Calcium (Crestor)
      • Simvastatin (Zocor)
    • Diuretics:
      • Furosemide (Lasix)
    • Vasodilators:
      • Nitro
      • Isosorbide (Isordil)

    Cardiac Arrest

    • Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia:
      • Heart rate 100-150
      • Wide QRS
      • Monomorphic or polymorphic
      • Torsades de pointes: polymorphic with prolonged QT interval
    • Treatment of ventricular tachycardia:
      • Stable: vagal maneuvers, amiodarone
      • Unstable: synchronized cardiovert
      • Pulseless VTach: defib shock, CPR, epi, amiodarone

    Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

    • SA Node -> Internodal pathways -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers
    • Internodal pathways:
      • Anterior (Bachmann)
      • Middle (Wenckebach)
      • Posterior (Thorel)

    Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance

    • Characteristics of a 12-lead ECG:
      • Precordial leads (V1-6)
      • Limb leads (I, II, III)
      • Augmented leads (aVR, aVL, aVF)
    • Characteristics of AV junction dysrhythmias:
      • Hidden or inverted P wave
      • Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
      • Junctional Escape Rhythm
      • Accelerated Junctional Rhythm
      • Junctional Tachycardia
    • Identify a sinus rhythm with ectopic beats:
      • Rhythm that originates from a site other than the SA node
      • Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)
      • PVC's

    Chest Pain

    • Characteristics of a pulmonary embolism:
      • Obstruction in one or more pulmonary arteries
      • EKG findings: S1Q3T3
    • Treatment of a bradycardic rhythm:
      • Stable: atropine
      • Unstable: pacing (TCP)
    • Treatment of a chest pain patient:
      • MONA: morphine, oxygen, nitro, aspirin

    Hypotension/Hypertension from Cardiovascular Cause

    • Characteristics of a heart block:
      • First Degree AV Block
      • Second Degree AV Block Type 1 (Mobitz Type 1/Wenckebach)
      • Second Degree AV Block Type 2 (Mobitz Type 2)
      • Third Degree AV Block
    • Preexisting causes of heart failure:
      • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
      • Disorders of pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, or great vessels
    • Signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure:
      • Pulmonary edema
      • Restlessness, anxiety
      • Respiratory rate above normal for age
      • Heart rate above normal for age
      • Pulsus alternans
      • Crackles
      • Cough with frothy sputum
      • Third heart sound (S3)
      • Retractions; accessory muscle use
      • Labored breathing; tripod position
      • Sweating
      • Inability to speak in complete sentences; limited to phrases or words
    • Signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure:
      • Number 1 cause: COPD
      • Pedal edema
      • Weight gain
      • Ascites
      • Anasarca
      • JVD
      • Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly)
      • Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly)

    Post-Resuscitation Care

    • Treatment for ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation):
      • First indicator: end-tidal jumps up
      • Finish cycle of CPR
      • Fluid bolus
      • Targeted Temperature Management: cool body to maintain temp between 89.6 and 100.4 degrees

    Stroke-like Symptoms

    • Characteristics of a TIA:
      • Transient Ischemic Attack
      • Stroke that fixed itself
      • Altered momentarily but not now
    • Pre-existing conditions for a stroke:
      • High BP
      • Headache
    • Treatment of a stroke patient:
      • IV, O2, monitor
      • Correct stroke facility

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology related to cardiology, including antidotes for beta blocker overdoses and cardiac cellular action potential.

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