44 Questions
Where is the heart located in the body?
In the mediastinum between the lungs
What separates the heart from other structures?
Pericardium
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the body?
Right atrium
Which blood vessels always carry blood back to the heart?
Veins
In which circuit does blood get oxygenated?
Pulmonary circuit
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
Acting as a barrier against infection
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
To prevent backflow
Where are the papillary muscles located and what is their role?
In the ventricles to prevent backflow by pulling chordae tendineae
What causes the depolarization of the atria as seen in an EKG?
P wave
Which part of the heart establishes the cardiac rhythm?
SA node
What is the function of the AV node in the heart's conduction system?
Prevents electrical impulse from going to the ventricles directly
What is the purpose of using an electrocardiogram (EKG) in diagnosing cardiac problems?
To visualize the heart's electrical activity
What does the T wave represent in an EKG reading?
Repolarization of the ventricles
During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atrioventricular valves open prior to atrial contraction?
Isovolumic contraction phase
'Dub' sound, known as S2, occurs at which phase of the cardiac cycle?
'S3' sound phase
Which layer of the blood vessel contains muscles for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Tunica media
Where are elastic arteries typically found in relation to the heart?
Nearer to the heart
What is the primary function of precapillary sphincters?
Control blood flow into capillaries
What does a MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) below 60 mm Hg for an extended time result in?
Ischemia
What is the name for the condition of insufficient blood flow accompanied by hypoxia?
Ischemia
Which vessels have large lumen and thin walls, along with shunts or valves to prevent backflow?
Veins
What does low blood volume lead to in terms of blood pressure?
Decrease
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure known as?
Pulse pressure
What do fenestrated capillaries possess that allows them to be more permeable?
Pores
What is the function of the external elastic membrane in blood vessels?
Separates tunica media from tunica externa
What is the role of vessel diameter in blood flow?
Slows down blood flow as it decreases
Which system must have greater pressure than the atria during diastole?
Venous system
What drives blood out of the capillaries and into tissues?
Hydrostatic pressure
What happens during reabsorption in capillaries?
Fluid moves from capillaries to tissues
What triggers the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Low blood volume
What hormone is released by the kidneys and stimulates hematopoiesis?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What regulates vascular homeostasis through neurologic control?
Nervous system
What stimulates vasodilation eventually?
Ach
Which response is triggered by changes in CO2 and hydrogen levels?
Activation of chemoreceptors
What is the effect of autoregulation of Perfusion?
Local chemical signaling to open or close precapillary sphincters
What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = SV * HR
Which factor influences stroke volume the most?
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
What is the target heart rate range for maximizing benefits from aerobic exercise?
120-160 BPM
Which hormone contributes to the 'fight or flight' response and can increase heart rate?
Epinephrine
What is the most likely result of a decrease in calcium ion concentration in the body?
Decreased Contractility
Which nerve controls a decrease in heart rate through the release of acetylcholine?
Vagus Nerve
At peak performance, how many times greater can the cardiac output of elite athletes be compared to normal individuals?
7-8 times
What is the main difference in the location of vasa vasorum between arteries and veins?
More in arteries than veins
'Tunica intima', 'tunica media', and 'tunica externa' are the layers of which structure?
Blood Vessels
Test your knowledge on key concepts in cardiology such as heart sounds, murmurs, cardiac output, and stroke volume. Learn about the significance of S4, S7, and the grading of heart murmurs. Explore the relationship between stroke volume and heart rate.
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