Cardiac System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

  • To provide nutrients to the heart muscle
  • To serve as a foundation for heart valves and prevent overstretching (correct)
  • To enhance the heart's pumping efficiency
  • To regulate blood pressure

    • The heart's apex projects inferiorly and laterally.

    True

    What is the weight range of the human heart in grams?

    250 to 390 grams in men, 200 to 275 grams in women

    The outer layer of the heart wall is called the ______.

    <p>epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart chambers with their descriptions:

    <p>Right Atrium = Receives deoxygenated blood from the body Left Atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Right Ventricle = Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left Ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the pericardial cavity?

    <p>To contain pericardial fluid that lubricates the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atrioventricular valves?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood into the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tricuspid valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the heart valves with their locations:

    <p>Tricuspid valve = Between right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid (mitral) valve = Between left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve = Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic semilunar valve = Between left ventricle and aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of the left ventricle are __________ than those of the right ventricle.

    <p>thicker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pectinate muscles in the atria?

    <p>To increase surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interventricular septum separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue composes the heart valves?

    <p>Dense connective tissue covered by endothelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of papillary muscles?

    <p>Pull on the chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the pulmonary circuit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the coronary arteries supply to the heart?

    <p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ circuit is a low-pressure circulation.

    <p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the coronary arteries with their respective branches:

    <p>Left coronary artery = Circumflex artery Right coronary artery = Posterior interventricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

    <p>Superior and inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cardiac muscle cells are non-striated and interconnected.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the coronary sinus?

    <p>Drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CO stand for in cardiac physiology?

    <p>Cardiac Output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound, known as 'Lub', occurs due to the closing of the semilunar valves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating Cardiac Output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    End diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during __________.

    <p>diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>Heart Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart sounds with their associated valve closures:

    <p>Lub = Closing of AV valves Dup = Closing of SL valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV)?

    <p>SV = EDV - ESV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart murmurs are commonly indicative of normal heart sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased venous return have on stroke volume?

    <p>Increases stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship described by the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

    <p>The relationship between stroke volume and preload.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    End diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction is known as ___.

    <p>End Systolic Volume (ESV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regulators of heart rate with their descriptions:

    <p>Proprioceptors = Monitor body position and movement Epinephrine = Hormone causing increased heart rate Baroreceptors = Detect changes in blood pressure Thyroid hormones = Regulate metabolic rate affecting heart function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Structure and Function

    • The fibrous skeleton of the heart provides structural support, anchors the heart valves, and prevents overstretching.
    • The apex of the heart points inferiorly and laterally.
    • The human heart typically weighs between 250-350 grams.
    • The outermost layer of the heart wall is called the epicardium.
    • The pericardium is a sac-like structure surrounding the heart, composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.
    • The myocardium is a muscular layer responsible for the heart's pumping action.
    • The pericardial cavity is filled with a lubricating fluid, reducing friction during heart contractions.
    • The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
    • Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction.
    • The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
    • The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
    • The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
    • The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
    • The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than those of the right ventricle, reflecting the higher pressure required to pump blood to the systemic circulation
    • Pectinate muscles are found in the atria and contribute to atrial contraction.
    • The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricle.
    • Heart valves are composed of dense connective tissue.
    • Papillary muscles play a crucial role in valve function, preventing prolapse by pulling on the chordae tendineae.
    • The left side of the heart is responsible for driving blood to the systemic circulation, delivering oxygenated blood to the body.
    • Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle itself.
    • The pulmonary circuit is a low-pressure circulation, responsible for delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange.
    • The right coronary artery branches into the posterior interventricular artery and the marginal artery.
    • The left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery.
    • Superior and inferior vena cavae drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium.
    • Cardiac muscle cells are striated and interconnected by intercalated discs, allowing for coordinated contraction.
    • The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and empties into the right atrium.
    • CO refers to Cardiac Output, a measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
    • The first heart sound ('Lub') is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) at the beginning of ventricular contraction.
    • Cardiac Output (CO) is calculated using the formula CO = HR x SV (Heart Rate x Stroke Volume)
    • End diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole (relaxation).
    • Preload, contractility, and afterload all influence stroke volume; Heart Rate does not directly affect stroke volume.
    • The second heart sound ('Dub') is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) at the end of ventricular contraction.
    • End Diastolic Volume (EDV) minus End Systolic Volume (ESV) equals Stroke Volume (SV).
    • Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds, often indicating valve dysfunction or other heart abnormalities.
    • Increased venous return increases stroke volume by stretching the heart muscle, leading to a more forceful contraction.
    • The Frank-Starling law states that the heart pumps a greater stroke volume when it is filled with more blood (increased EDV), providing a mechanism for matching cardiac output to venous return.
    • End systolic volume (ESV) is the amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.
    • Sympathetic nervous system stimulation increases heart rate through the release of norepinephrine.
    • Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases heart rate through the release of acetylcholine.
    • Hormones like epinephrine and thyroid hormone can increase heart rate.
    • Increased body temperature can increase heart rate.

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    Human Anatomy and Physiology - The Cardiac System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate details of the cardiac system, including the structure of the heart, the pericardium, and the layers of the heart wall. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the cardiovascular system, heart anatomy, and pericarditis. Test your knowledge of how these components function together to support cardiovascular health.

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