Cardiac Responses to Mechanical Stimulation in Sports
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Questions and Answers

What condition is primarily associated with mechanosensitive cardiac responses during sports activities?

  • Heart murmurs
  • Sudden cardiac death (correct)
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Atrial fibrillation

    • Which aspect of the cardiac system is implicated in the mechano-electric feedback mechanism?

  • Electrical dynamics (correct)
  • Hormonal balance
  • Blood pressure regulation
  • Neural conduction

    • What was observed during the pre-cordial impact in the study with an anesthetized pig?

  • Reduction in vascular resistance
  • Decrease in heart rate
  • Increase in stroke volume
  • Cardiac rhythm disturbances (correct)

    • Which cardiac event was NOT measured in the schematic representation of effects from pre-cordial mechanical stimulation?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impact site locations were considered in the observations regarding sudden cardiac death?

    <p>Various sports activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rhythm disturbance is characterized by the absence of electrical impulses in the heart?

    <p>Complete heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention timing was found to be critical in influencing cardiac rhythm disturbances?

    <p>During the T-wave upstroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mechano-electric coupling in the heart?

    <p>Contractile dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypertrophy have on stretch-activated currents in ventricular myocytes?

    <p>It increases their amplitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary alteration in the cycle length of rabbit SAN pacemaker cells under stretch conditions?

    <p>Decrease by 14.2 ms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter showed an increase after applying stretch to rabbit SAN pacemaker cells?

    <p>Spontaneous depolarization rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stretch impact the maximum upstroke velocity in rabbit SAN pacemaker cells?

    <p>Decreases it moderately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recovery percentage of maximum diastolic potential after stretch is removed in rabbit SAN pacemaker cells?

    <p>99.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the early repolarization velocity when stretch is applied to SAN pacemaker cells?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the maximum diastolic potential value during control conditions in rabbit SAN cells?

    <p>54.3 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the two mechanisms responsible for mechanotransduction in living cells?

    <p>Stretch-activated channel activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does acute obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract have on cardiac action potentials?

    <p>It induces early afterdepolarizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the relationship between radial artery pressure and action potential length?

    <p>Higher pressure correlates with lengthened action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased venous return have on heart rate and blood pressure?

    <p>It increases heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the electrophysiological effects of systolic stretch on normal cardiac function?

    <p>It enhances cardiac contractility and conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the mechanical activation of cation-selective channels?

    <p>It can induce arrhythmias during early repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the summary of diastolic stretch effects entail?

    <p>It modulates electrophysiological properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the study by Kohl et al. in Cardiovasc Res 2001?

    <p>The relationship between blood pressure and cardiac action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does incremental left ventricular volume affect the heart?

    <p>It mimics conditions of heart block.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spontaneous depolarization time defined as?

    <p>Time from MDP to threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of repolarization is associated with a late repolarization velocity?

    <p>Secondary slow phase of repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of action potentials, what does the threshold to peak time refer to?

    <p>Time from threshold to maximum systolic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mechanical stress affect action potential profiles?

    <p>It induces membrane depolarization and prolongs action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to occur during mechanical stimulation of a ventricular myocyte?

    <p>Increased whole cell current response to stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between filling pressure and hemodynamics?

    <p>Filling pressure can affect hemodynamics in complex ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does preload have on Ventricular Electric Remodeling (VER)?

    <p>Preload influences the electrical properties of the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sinoatrial node (SAN) in the context of action potential dynamics?

    <p>It is responsible for the coordination of heartbeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rats are represented by the abbreviation SHR in the study?

    <p>Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement was taken from the ventricular myocytes at -45 mV?

    <p>Amplitude of ISAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EET stand for in the context of chemical–mechanical synergism?

    <p>Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the age of the animal models used in the study?

    <p>WKY rats come in both 3-month and 15-month age groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MSCC stand for in relation to mechanotransduction?

    <p>Mechanosensitive Cation Channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT specified as a type of myocyte involved in the study?

    <p>Zebra fish myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study primarily focused on which phenomenon related to myocytes?

    <p>Mechanosensitivity of ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling pathway is associated with the chemical–mechanical synergism mentioned?

    <p>PLC and PLA2 pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does sarcomere length have on cardiac myocytes?

    <p>It affects the electric stability of cardiac myocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event does a preload increase in a myocyte primarily lead to?

    <p>Stretching of the myocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mechanochemical sensing in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>A mechanism that enables myocytes to translate mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CRU Ca2+ release current in cardiac myocytes help to determine?

    <p>Determine stable versus unstable electric states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the calcium transient (CaT) peak in myocytes?

    <p>Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context is an increase in spark number significant?

    <p>Enhancing calcium release in cardiomyocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used to analyze cellular responses under mechanical load?

    <p>3-D elastic matrix imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the z-line distance have in cardiac myocyte stability?

    <p>It influences the stability of the electrical environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of perfusion in the context of cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Enhanced oxygen delivery and nutrient supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using crosslinkers like 4-boronate-PEG in cardiac research?

    <p>To facilitate the immobilization of cells for study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about electric field excitation is true?

    <p>It is a method to stimulate myocyte contraction and activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mechanical load typically affect cardiac myocyte contraction?

    <p>It enhances contraction efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is nitric oxide important in the context of cardiac myocytes?

    <p>It plays a role in regulating calcium homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'spark number' refer to regarding cardiac myocytes?

    <p>The count of calcium release events occurring in a specified area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment shows a statistically significant decrease in action potential duration during ventricular electric remodeling (VER)?

    <p>Anterior segment in Endocardial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall trend of action potential duration (APD) changes in epicardial cells during VER compared to controls?

    <p>APD significantly increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ventricular cells experienced the greatest increase in action potential duration during VER in the posterior segment?

    <p>Epicardial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cell did the action potential duration show the least change during ventricular electric remodeling (VER) in the anterior segment?

    <p>Endocardial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of the action potential duration changes in lateral segment midmyocardial cells during VER?

    <p>A significant decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of stretch on the maximum upstroke velocity in spontaneously beating rabbit sinoatrial node cells?

    <p>It decreases and shows partial recovery after stretch is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter exhibited the least recovery percentage after the removal of stretch in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells?

    <p>Cycle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrophysiological parameters increased under stretch conditions in rabbit sinoatrial node pacemaker cells?

    <p>Spontaneous depolarization rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the threshold to peak time in rabbit SAN cells when stretch is applied?

    <p>It increases slightly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the provided data, which parameter experienced the greatest percentage change due to mechanical stretch?

    <p>Early repolarization velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stretch affect the maximum diastolic potential in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells?

    <p>It decreases moderately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the effects of stretch on spontaneous depolarization time is true?

    <p>It decreases significantly during stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the control value of spontaneous depolarization rate in rabbit SAN pacemaker cells?

    <p>0.115 V/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific mechanism is responsible for mechanotransduction in living cells as mentioned in the context?

    <p>Chemical–mechanical synergism via PLC and PLA2 pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals were included in the study as models to analyze ventricular myocytes?

    <p>Guinea pigs, rats, and humans with end-stage cardiac failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which voltage was the amplitude of ISAC measured in the study?

    <p>-45 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age differences were noted among the rat models used, specifically in SHR and WKY groups?

    <p>2–3 months vs 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known mechanosensitive channel referenced in the discussion?

    <p>Mechanosensitive cation channel (MSCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) play in cellular signaling as described?

    <p>It is involved in chemical-mechanical synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with the stretch sensitivity observed in ventricular myocytes?

    <p>Influence on calcium transient dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term ISAC refer to in the context of cardiac myocyte response?

    <p>Ionic stretch-activated current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pre-cordial mechanical stimulation on cardiac rhythm?

    <p>It can induce various rhythm disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rhythm disturbance is associated with complete heart block as noted in the study?

    <p>Complete heart block (CHB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key parameter reflects the timing and influence of interventions on heart rhythm disturbances?

    <p>Markers indicating intervention timing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact is associated with the location of impact sites during sports activities?

    <p>They can lead to sudden cardiac death through commotio cordis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation was made regarding the ECG and left ventricular pressure during pre-cordial impact experiments?

    <p>The ECG displayed distinct alterations in response to the impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cardiac event results from the mechanosensitive response during sudden cardiac events in sports?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable consequence of mechanical stimulation identified in the cardiological study?

    <p>Alterations in cardiac rhythm stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an outcome associated with the impact of mechanical stimulation on the cardiac system?

    <p>Variable response leading to multiple rhythm disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cell-in-gel contraction on fractional shortening compared to load-free cells?

    <p>Cell-in-gel contraction shows smaller fractional shortening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does titin isoform expression affect calcium sensitivity in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Differences in titin isoform expression affect passive tension, which influences calcium sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic skeletal component was observed in the contraction behavior of myocytes in a gel versus a load-free environment?

    <p>Slower relaxation in cell-in-gel compared to load-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about length-dependent calcium activation in fish cardiomyocytes?

    <p>It permits a large operating range of sarcomere lengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement units were used to represent titin phosphorylation data?

    <p>Arbitrary units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tension is primarily determined by titin isoform expression and affects calcium sensitivity?

    <p>Passive tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant conclusion drawn from studies on myocyte contraction under different conditions?

    <p>Load-free cell dynamics show better relaxation than gel-contracted cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does titin phosphorylation have on the differences observed in passive tension in the studied animal models?

    <p>It impacts passive tension based on isoform type and phosphorylation state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'late repolarization velocity' refer to in cardiac physiology?

    <p>The rate of the secondary slow phase of repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of mechanical stress on the action potential profile?

    <p>Induction of spontaneous depolarization and extra-systoles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'threshold to peak time' measure in cardiac action potentials?

    <p>The time required to reach maximum systolic potential from the threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased preload affect Ventricular Electric Remodeling (VER)?

    <p>It can provoke changes in the action potential duration and heart rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cardiac myocytes, what is the significance of the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

    <p>It acts as the primary pacemaker, controlling heart rate and rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of spontaneous depolarization time in cardiac action potentials?

    <p>It reflects the interval from the maximum diastolic potential to the point of threshold re-establishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to membrane potential during stretch in cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Membrane potential undergoes depolarization, leading to action potential prolongation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'mechanosensitive current' refer to in the context of cardiac myocytes?

    <p>The electrical current generated in response to changes in mechanical strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mechano-Electric Feedback

    • This is about mechano-electric coupling
    • The concept involves electrical dynamics, calcium dynamics, and contractile dynamics
    • These dynamics are interconnected in a feedback loop.

    Early Observations

    • Early observations include commotio cordis and sudden cardiac death.
    • These events are related to chest impact during sports activities.

    Chest Impact Sites

    • Common impact sites in sports activities leading to commotio cordis include baseball/softball, ice hockey pucks, and lacrosse balls, and also the knee.
    • These impact information is from a study of 22 cases

    ECG and LVP Recording

    • ECG (Electrocardiogram) and LVP (Left Ventricular Pressure) recordings of an anesthetized pig subjected to a pre-cordial impact are presented.
    • The impact coincided with the upstroke of the T-wave.

    Effects of Mechanical Stimulation

    • A diagram shows the effects of pre-cordial mechanical stimulation on cardiac rhythm.
    • The diagram shows complete heart block, ST-segment elevation, left bundle branch block, ventricular fibrillation, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.

    Clinical observations

    • Observations are about Blood Pressure & Cardiac Action Potential

    Relationship between pressure in radial artery and AP length

    • This refers to relationship between pressure in radial artery and action potential length for human patients.
    • Diagrams (A, B, C, and D) show different types of pressure-action potential length relationships.

    Acute obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract

    • The obstruction, caused by a balloon catheter, induces deflections resembling early after-depolarizations.
    • Diagrams (A) and (B) show these deflections.

    Incremental left ventricular volume pulses

    • This study looks at incremental left ventricular volume pulses in an isolated rabbit heart with heart block.
    • Diagrams display the data.

    Comparison of the effects of stretch and altered calcium handling

    • This section compares the effects of stretch and changes in calcium handling on cardiac cells.
    • Graphs illustrate early and late responses.

    Schematic representation of the arrhythmogenic effects of mechanical activation

    • Diagram illustrates the potential arrhythmogenic effects of mechanical activation of cation-selective channels during early repolarisation.

    Effect of increased venous return on heart rate & blood pressure

    • The impact of increased venous return on heart rate and blood pressure is explored in different positions (supine and legs elevated).
    • Data is summarized in a table.

    Summary of electrophysiological effects of diastolic and systolic stretch

    • This section summarizes the electrophysiological effects of diastolic and systolic stretch on normal cardiac electrophysiology.
    • Diagrams illustrate the mechanisms.

    The physics behind mechanical stretch

    • This section covers the physics behind mechanical stretch.
    • Diagrams include diagrams of stress versus strain graphs and viscoelastic models.

    Stress Types in Mechanics

    • This section covers different types of stress and their categorization.
    • Illustrative diagram of stress hierarchies is included.

    Mechanical stress in a cardiac myocyte

    • The study examines the mechanical stress within a cardiac myocyte.
    • Diagrams illustrate mechanical stress distribution.

    Mechanical Stress is inhomogeneous

    • This section looks at the inhomogeneous mechanical stress within a mechanical system.
    • Diagrams show stress distributions.

    What is the mechanism?

    • The presentation probes the mechanism behind early observations.

    Gadolinium suppresses stretch-induced arrhythmia

    • This section focuses on how gadolinium can suppress stretch induced arrhythmia.
    • Diagrams display data in relation to concentration.

    Extracellular potassium reverses stretch-induced depolarization

    • Extracellular potassium reverses the depolarizing effect of stretch on myocytes.
    • Diagrams shows variations in potassium concentrations and their effects on cell potential.

    Patch clamp recording of an isolated cardiac myocyte

    • This section describes a patch-clamp experiment involving an isolated cardiac myocyte subjected to axial stretch.
    • The data is shown graphically.

    Mechanically Induced Potential (MIP) in cardiac fibroblasts

    • The study examines the mechanically induced potential (MIP) in cardiac fibroblasts.
    • Diagrams illustrate data related to the results.

    Events of the surface

    • This section analyzes the surface events in ventricular myocytes.
    • The analysis connects the increase in amplitude with hypertrophy.

    Two mechanisms accounting for mechanotransduction

    • Two mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction in living cells are presented in diagrams.

    Recording of spontaneous pacemaker activity

    • The study examines the pacemaker activity in isolated rabbit SAN cells in the absence and presence of stretch.
    • The results are presented in a diagram.

    Stretch-induced changes of key electrophysiological parameters

    • This section includes a table that presents stretch-induced changes in electrophysiological parameters of spontaneously beating rabbit sinoatrial (SAN) pacemaker cells.

    Mechanical stress modulates action potential profile

    • This study investigates how mechanical stress modulates the action potential profile in fish hearts.

    Action potential recordings from single cells

    • Action potential recordings are presented from single cells from the heart surface.
    • Graphs illustrate the recordings..

    Effect of filling pressure on hemodynamics

    • Study on the effect of filling pressure on the hemodynamic functions.
    • Diagrams illustrate the relationship between filling pressure and stroke volume and heart rate.

    Effect of preload and afterload on ventricular electrical remodeling

    • Analysis of the effect of preload and afterload on ventricular electrical remodeling in different experimental groups.
    • The results are presented in graphs.

    Stretch induces membrane depolarization, prolongation of the action potential, and extra-systoles

    • Stretch affects membrane depolarization and prolongs the action potential and causes extra-systoles.
    • Diagrams illustrate the data with visual representations.

    Electrophysiological analysis of currents generated by MSCs

    • Electrophysiological study of the currents generated by MSCs.

    Mechanical stimulation: local stretch of a ventricular myocyte

    • This experiment involves the mechanical stimulation and local stretch of a ventricular myocyte using images.

    The mechanosensitive currents of heart

    • Analysis of mechanosensitive currents in the heart.

    Whole cell current response to stretch

    • Study about the whole cell current response to stretch.
    • Diagrams represent the data graphically..

    Stretch sensitivity of ISAC

    • Study on the stretch sensitivity of ISAC across different species and strains.
    • Results are presented graphically.

    Known channels are mechanosensitive too

    • Channels are mechanosensitive.
    • Detailed look at the mechanosensitivity of sodium channels.
    • Illustrations depict recordings of the channels in response to stretch.

    Models for MSCs

    • Models about MSCs.

    Two mechanisms accounting for mechanotransduction

    • Analysis of two mechanisms behind mechanotransduction in living cells.
    • Diagrams illustrate these underlying mechanisms.

    Chemical-mechanical synergism via PLC and PLA2 pathways

    • Study illustrates chemical-mechanical synergism via PLC and PLA2 pathways.
    • Diagram shows the pathways and related entities.

    Events of the deep cytoplasm: mechanochemical sensing

    • This section discusses the events related to mechanochemical sensing in the deep cytoplasm.
    • Detailed diagrams illustrate the signaling pathways and entities involved.

    Myocyte contraction

    • Study presents data from experiments on myocyte contraction involving gel, including microscopic images and graphs.

    Knock-down factor in myocyte contraction

    • Study looks at the effects of a "knock-down factor" on myocyte contraction in experiments using a gel.
    • Graphical data on contraction is presented..

    Enhanced length-dependent Ca2+ activation

    • Study on Ca2+ activation in fish cardiomyocytes, related to sarcomere length.

    Active tension development and calcium sensitivity of rat and trout

    • Study on the active tension development and calcium sensitivity in rat and trout hearts as related to sarcomere length.
    • Data presented in multiple charts and graphs.

    Passive tension determines calcium sensitivity

    • Data analysis on how passive tension determines calcium sensitivity in cardiac myocytes.
    • Graphical illustration of the findings.

    Differences in passive tension

    • Study on passive tension differences due to titin isoform expression and phosphorylation.
    • Diagram showing quantitative differences in the two groups being studied.

    Spontaneously Calcium Release Translated to Afterdepolarization

    • Diagrams and text describing mechanisms behind spontaneous Ca2+ release and afterdepolarizations.

    Sarcomere length determines electric stability

    • Discusses how sarcomere length affects the electrical stability in cardiac myocytes.
    • Diagram illustrating the relationship between length and stability.

    Events of the deep cytoplasm: mechanochemical sensing

    • Presentation of mechanochemical sensing events in the deep cytoplasm of cells.

    Mechano-Chemo Transduction: Preload increase

    • Study on preload increase via stretching myocytes.
    • Diagrams and graphs are accompanying the analysis.

    Electrophysiological basis for T-wave memory

    • Study on the electrophysiological basis for T-wave memory.
    • Diagrams of ECG and associated data are presented.

    VER is dependent on direction of propagation

    • Discussion of how VER (ventricular electric remodeling) depends on the direction of propagation.
    • Study includes analysis of different pacing directions.

    Circumferential strain as mechanism triggering VER

    • Study about circumferential strain as a mechanism triggering VER (ventricular electric remodeling).
    • Diagrams of strain and related data are presented.

    VER is not due to structural remodeling

    • Study refutes the idea that VER (ventricular electric remodeling) is due to structural remodeling.
    • Images (microscopic) of tissue samples are provided.

    Mechano-electric feedback induced VER

    • Study on mechano-electric feedback and its effect on VER.
    • Results, graphically represented, are included.

    Mechanism of wall stretch in regional ischemia

    • Study about different mechanisms of wall stretch in regional ischemia.
    • Ischemic wall stretch is presented in diagrams.

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    Mechano-Electric Feedback PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the mechano-sensitive responses of the cardiac system during sports activities. It examines key concepts such as mechano-electric feedback, sudden cardiac death, and the significance of intervention timing on cardiac rhythm disturbances. Test your knowledge on the complex interactions within the heart's mechanics.

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