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Questions and Answers
What is represented in phase 3 of the action potential?
What is represented in phase 3 of the action potential?
- Unstable resting membrane potential
- Repolarization (correct)
- Depolarization
- Stable resting membrane potential
Phase 0 of the action potential involves fast Na+ entry.
Phase 0 of the action potential involves fast Na+ entry.
True (A)
What causes phase 3 of the action potential?
What causes phase 3 of the action potential?
K+ efflux
Phase 4 represents the ______ membrane potential.
Phase 4 represents the ______ membrane potential.
Match the following phases with their characteristics:
Match the following phases with their characteristics:
What represents phase 4 of the action potential?
What represents phase 4 of the action potential?
Phase 0 of the action potential is characterized by depolarization.
Phase 0 of the action potential is characterized by depolarization.
What ion entry primarily causes phase 0 of the action potential?
What ion entry primarily causes phase 0 of the action potential?
Phase 4 is caused by _______ efflux.
Phase 4 is caused by _______ efflux.
Match the action potential phases with their characteristics:
Match the action potential phases with their characteristics:
What is the phase of depolarization in an action potential commonly referred to as?
What is the phase of depolarization in an action potential commonly referred to as?
Resting membrane potential is also known as 'unresting membrane potential'.
Resting membrane potential is also known as 'unresting membrane potential'.
What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
What occurs during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
During phase 0 of an action potential, the membrane undergoes __________.
During phase 0 of an action potential, the membrane undergoes __________.
Match the following action potential phases with their descriptions:
Match the following action potential phases with their descriptions:
Flashcards
Phase 3 of Action Potential
Phase 3 of Action Potential
Repolarization phase, caused by potassium efflux (K+ leaving the cell).
Phase 0 of Action Potential
Phase 0 of Action Potential
Rapid depolarization phase, primarily due to the fast influx of sodium ions (Na+).
Phase 4 of Action Potential
Phase 4 of Action Potential
Resting membrane potential; a stable, polarized state.
Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
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Repolarization
Repolarization
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
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Heart Muscle Type
Heart Muscle Type
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Blood Flow Order
Blood Flow Order
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Cardiac Action Potential Phases
Cardiac Action Potential Phases
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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
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What causes Phase 0?
What causes Phase 0?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Physiology
- Normal Heart Rate: 70/min
- Heart Rate During Exercise: 120-150/min
- Cardiac Output: 5 L/min
- Heart Muscle: Syncytium
- Blood Flow Order: Right atria, right ventricle, lungs, left atria, left ventricle, rest of the body
Action Potential
- SA Node: Initiates the heartbeat. This is the pace-maker
- Phase 0 (depolarization): Caused by rapid Na+ entry
- Phase 4 (resting membrane potential): Unstable
- Phase 3 (repolarization): K+ efflux
- Phase 2 (plateau): Caused by slow Ca++ entry
ECG Waves
- P-wave: Atrial depolarization
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization
- T-wave: Ventricular repolarization
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
- Stroke volume: Determined by preload, afterload, and contractility
- Preload: Blood volume in ventricles before contraction
- Afterload: Resistance to ejection of blood from ventricles
- Contractility: Force of ventricular contraction
- Blood volume: Influences preload
- Venous return: Influences preload
- Blood viscosity: Affects TPR (total peripheral resistance)
Contractility Factors
- Length of blood vessels
- Viscosity of blood
- Diameter of lumen
- Cardiac output
- Blood volume
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
- Cardiac output
- Blood volume
- Viscosity
Respiratory Physiology
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Traps Microorganisms: Mucus, cilia, and hair
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Keeps Trachea Open: Cilia, Cartilage rings
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Alveoli Structure: Single layer, moist, surrounded by capillaries
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Surfactant: Decreases surface tension, preventing collapse
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External Respiration: Gas exchange between air and blood
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Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissues
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Cellular Respiration: Uses oxygen and food to produce ATP
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Inhalation: Diaphragm and muscles contract
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Exhalation: Diaphragm and muscles relax
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Tidal Volume (Males): 0.5-1.5L
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Tidal Volume (Females): 400 mL
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Lung Capacity: Includes inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and residual volume
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Oxygen Transport: Primarily by hemoglobin
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Carbon Dioxide Transport: Primarily in the form of bicarbonate ion
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