Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient with left-sided heart failure is experiencing shortness of breath and cyanosis. What is the underlying mechanism causing these symptoms?
A patient with left-sided heart failure is experiencing shortness of breath and cyanosis. What is the underlying mechanism causing these symptoms?
- Hypertrophy of the right ventricle due to increased pulmonary pressure.
- Increased systemic venous pressure leading to peripheral edema.
- Fluid accumulation in the alveoli, impairing gas exchange. (correct)
- Reduced cardiac output causing decreased oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues.
A patient with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with left-sided heart failure. Which pathophysiological process is most likely to have contributed to this condition?
A patient with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with left-sided heart failure. Which pathophysiological process is most likely to have contributed to this condition?
- Decreased contractility of the left ventricle due to myocardial ischemia.
- Increased heart rate leading to decreased ventricular filling time.
- Increased preload causing the left ventricle to dilate and weaken.
- Increased afterload causing the left ventricle to work harder, leading to eventual failure. (correct)
A patient is diagnosed with cor pulmonale. Which of the following conditions is most likely to have contributed to the development of this condition?
A patient is diagnosed with cor pulmonale. Which of the following conditions is most likely to have contributed to the development of this condition?
- Mitral valve regurgitation.
- Systemic hypertension.
- Pulmonary hypertension. (correct)
- Aortic stenosis.
A patient with heart failure is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary mechanism by which ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What is the primary mechanism by which ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function?
A patient with heart failure develops paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. What is the best explanation for this manifestation?
A patient with heart failure develops paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. What is the best explanation for this manifestation?
A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic heart failure. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate to manage fluid volume overload?
A nurse is caring for a patient with chronic heart failure. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate to manage fluid volume overload?
Which compensatory mechanism in heart failure ultimately contributes to a vicious cycle that worsens the condition?
Which compensatory mechanism in heart failure ultimately contributes to a vicious cycle that worsens the condition?
A patient with right-sided heart failure is most likely to exhibit which of the following signs and symptoms?
A patient with right-sided heart failure is most likely to exhibit which of the following signs and symptoms?
In a patient with acute pulmonary edema, what is the primary goal of immediate treatment?
In a patient with acute pulmonary edema, what is the primary goal of immediate treatment?
A patient with heart failure is being discharged on a sodium-restricted diet. What education should the nurse provide regarding salt substitutes?
A patient with heart failure is being discharged on a sodium-restricted diet. What education should the nurse provide regarding salt substitutes?
A nurse is assessing a patient with heart failure and notes a weight gain of 5 pounds in 2 days. What is the most important action for the nurse to take?
A nurse is assessing a patient with heart failure and notes a weight gain of 5 pounds in 2 days. What is the most important action for the nurse to take?
An older adult patient with heart failure is at increased risk for digitalis toxicity. What electrolyte imbalance increases this risk?
An older adult patient with heart failure is at increased risk for digitalis toxicity. What electrolyte imbalance increases this risk?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Frank-Starling phenomenon in heart failure?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Frank-Starling phenomenon in heart failure?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed spironolactone. What electrolyte level should the nurse monitor closely?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed spironolactone. What electrolyte level should the nurse monitor closely?
When caring for a patient receiving intravenous furosemide, the nurse should closely monitor for which of the following?
When caring for a patient receiving intravenous furosemide, the nurse should closely monitor for which of the following?
A patient with heart failure is experiencing anorexia and abdominal discomfort. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate?
A patient with heart failure is experiencing anorexia and abdominal discomfort. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate?
A patient with heart failure reports experiencing a dry, hacking cough, especially when lying supine. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?
A patient with heart failure reports experiencing a dry, hacking cough, especially when lying supine. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?
A nurse is teaching a patient with heart failure about the importance of daily weights. Which statement by the patient indicates an understanding of the teaching?
A nurse is teaching a patient with heart failure about the importance of daily weights. Which statement by the patient indicates an understanding of the teaching?
Mr. Bjorklund, a 66-year-old with heart failure, is prescribed lisinopril. The nurse should teach him to:
Mr. Bjorklund, a 66-year-old with heart failure, is prescribed lisinopril. The nurse should teach him to:
When caring for a patient with heart failure, what should be the nurse's priority focus in providing care?
When caring for a patient with heart failure, what should be the nurse's priority focus in providing care?
A patient with chronic heart failure reports increased shortness of breath and swelling in the ankles. Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most appropriate?
A patient with chronic heart failure reports increased shortness of breath and swelling in the ankles. Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most appropriate?
A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed digoxin. The nurse should assess for which of the following signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity?
A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed digoxin. The nurse should assess for which of the following signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity?
Mr. Bjorklund tells the nurse that he has been having difficulty sleeping and has been using three pillows at night. The nurse should recognize that Mr. Bjorklund is experiencing:
Mr. Bjorklund tells the nurse that he has been having difficulty sleeping and has been using three pillows at night. The nurse should recognize that Mr. Bjorklund is experiencing:
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure who is scheduled for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The nurse should explain that this therapy helps to:
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure who is scheduled for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The nurse should explain that this therapy helps to:
A patient with heart failure is prescribed ivabradine (Corlanor). The nurse should instruct the patient to:
A patient with heart failure is prescribed ivabradine (Corlanor). The nurse should instruct the patient to:
A post-cardiac transplant patient is being monitored for signs of rejection. What assessment finding is most indicative of acute rejection?
A post-cardiac transplant patient is being monitored for signs of rejection. What assessment finding is most indicative of acute rejection?
A patient with heart failure is prescribed valsartan/sacubitril (Entresto). The nurse must ensure that the patient has not taken an ACE inhibitor within:
A patient with heart failure is prescribed valsartan/sacubitril (Entresto). The nurse must ensure that the patient has not taken an ACE inhibitor within:
A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving a continuous infusion of dobutamine. The nurse should monitor for which of the following potential side effects?
A nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving a continuous infusion of dobutamine. The nurse should monitor for which of the following potential side effects?
A patient who has undergone heart transplantation is prescribed immunosuppressive medications. The nurse recognizes that a critical aspect of patient teaching is:
A patient who has undergone heart transplantation is prescribed immunosuppressive medications. The nurse recognizes that a critical aspect of patient teaching is:
As you are caring for a patient who is 3 days post-op cardiac transplantation, you notice that the patient's respiratory rate is 28 with shallow breaths and pale skin. What action do you take?
As you are caring for a patient who is 3 days post-op cardiac transplantation, you notice that the patient's respiratory rate is 28 with shallow breaths and pale skin. What action do you take?
A patient with heart failure reports taking furosemide (Lasix) and experiencing muscle weakness, fatigue, and confusion. What electrolyte imbalance should the nurse suspect?
A patient with heart failure reports taking furosemide (Lasix) and experiencing muscle weakness, fatigue, and confusion. What electrolyte imbalance should the nurse suspect?
A nurse is teaching a patient about the side effects of ACE inhibitors. Which of the following side effects should the nurse include in the instruction?
A nurse is teaching a patient about the side effects of ACE inhibitors. Which of the following side effects should the nurse include in the instruction?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient with heart failure. Which of the following instructions is most important for the nurse to include?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching to a patient with heart failure. Which of the following instructions is most important for the nurse to include?
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure who is receiving oxygen via nasal cannula. The nurse monitors the patient for signs and symptoms of:
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure who is receiving oxygen via nasal cannula. The nurse monitors the patient for signs and symptoms of:
Mrs. Lavigne, a 45-year-old single mother of two, is transferred to a surgical unit 5 days after a cardiac transplant. She is withdrawn and has a poor appetite. Her vital signs are stable. The nurse recognizes the following is the priority question to ask:
Mrs. Lavigne, a 45-year-old single mother of two, is transferred to a surgical unit 5 days after a cardiac transplant. She is withdrawn and has a poor appetite. Her vital signs are stable. The nurse recognizes the following is the priority question to ask:
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure and knows the importance of promoting rest and activity to help meet the patient's oxygenation needs. The nurse knows to:
A nurse is caring for a patient with heart failure and knows the importance of promoting rest and activity to help meet the patient's oxygenation needs. The nurse knows to:
During a nursing assessment, the nurse is performing auscultation on a patient experiencing heart failure with pulmonary edema. The nurse knows to ask herself, "What sound can I expect to hear?"
During a nursing assessment, the nurse is performing auscultation on a patient experiencing heart failure with pulmonary edema. The nurse knows to ask herself, "What sound can I expect to hear?"
The nurse reviews the common laboratory testing for HF. What lab value signifies a patient is experiencing heart failure?
The nurse reviews the common laboratory testing for HF. What lab value signifies a patient is experiencing heart failure?
While performing client teaching, the nurse knows education is required when a client states:
While performing client teaching, the nurse knows education is required when a client states:
The nurse is talking with Mr. Bjorklund about his activity intolerance due to his diagnosis of HF; the nurse understands further education is required when he states:
The nurse is talking with Mr. Bjorklund about his activity intolerance due to his diagnosis of HF; the nurse understands further education is required when he states:
In providing patient education, the nurse knows to teach the patient what food to avoid when taking medications used to treat dysrhythmias. The nurse recalls the name of the following fruit is called:
In providing patient education, the nurse knows to teach the patient what food to avoid when taking medications used to treat dysrhythmias. The nurse recalls the name of the following fruit is called:
Flashcards
Afterload
Afterload
Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood.
Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
Orthopnea
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing when lying down, relieved by sitting up
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preload
Preload
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Edema
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heart Failure (HF)
Heart Failure (HF)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Edema
Signup and view all the flashcards
ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ivabradine (Corlanor)
Ivabradine (Corlanor)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diuretics
Diuretics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inotropic Agents
Inotropic Agents
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac transplantation
Cardiac transplantation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heart Failure
Heart Failure
Signup and view all the flashcards
HF signs and symptoms
HF signs and symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ankle/foot/leg edema
Ankle/foot/leg edema
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Key Terms
- Afterload refers to the force the left ventricle must exert to eject blood into the aorta during contraction.
- Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle hypertrophies or fails due to lung disorders.
- Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to decreased oxygenation.
- Exertional dyspnea is shortness of breath that occurs or worsens with physical activity.
- Hepatomegaly is the enlargement of the liver.
- Orthopnea refers to dyspnea that occurs when lying flat.
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a sudden onset of shortness of breath that occurs after lying flat for a period of time.
- Perfusion refers to the delivery of blood to the body tissues.
- Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) is the resistance to blood flow in the arteries.
- Preload is the amount of stretch imposed on the ventricle prior to contraction
- Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs.
- Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen.
Learning outcomes
- Pathophysiology of left- and right-sided heart failure should be understood.
- The definition of acute heart failure should be known.
- Causes of acute and chronic heart failure should be listed.
- Signs and symptoms of acute and chronic heart failure should be identified.
- Nursing care for patients undergoing diagnostic tests for heart failure should be planned.
- Medical treatments used for acute and chronic heart failure should be explained.
- Nursing care for acute and chronic heart failure should be planned.
- Teaching for patients with heart failure and their families must be planned.
Heart Failure (HF) Overview
- HF is a clinical syndrome affecting perfusion, caused by the ventricle's inability to fill or pump enough blood.
- HF may result in dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid volume overload, reducing the quality and length of life.
- Causes include coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, heart valve issues, and hypertension.
- Cardiac ischemia is the most common cause of HF in older adults.
- HF can develop rapidly (acute), such as with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema, or over time (chronic) due to other disorders.
Epidemiology of Heart Failure
- HF incidences are rising due to an aging population and improved treatments.
- An estimated 6.2 million Americans have HF, with a million new cases annually.
- 3.2 million women have HF; black females have the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality.
- HF was the most common reason for hospital admission in older adults in 2017.
- Readmission rates are highest for those previously hospitalized for HF.
Congestive Heart Failure
- Congestive HF is an older term for HF; though you may still hear it being used.
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
- The heart has two separate pumping systems.
- Cardiac function requires each ventricle to pump out equal amounts of blood over time.
- Heart can no longer function effectively as a pump when amount of blood returned to the heart becomes more than either ventricle can handle.
- Systolic dysfunction (contractile), diastolic dysfunction (relaxation), or mixed dysfunction can result in HF.
- Systolic dysfunction is when the ventricle is unable to generate enough force to pump blood.
- Diastolic dysfunction is when the ventricle cannot relax and fill properly.
- Mixed dysfunction is a combination of both systolic and diastolic defects.
- HF can be classified as right-sided, left-sided, or biventricular, affecting one or both pumping systems.
- Left ventricle usually weakens first because of greater workload.
- Right and left sides work together, failure of one side leads to failure of the other.
- Congestion develops along the backward path from failing ventricle, producing signs and symptoms.
Left-Sided Heart Failure
- Afterload is force the left ventricle needs to generate to eject blood into the aorta.
- Peripheral vascular resistance is the pressure within aorta and arteries acting as resistance.
- Hypertension is a major cause of left-sided HF, increasing arterial pressure and workload on the left ventricle.
- Over time, strain weakens the left ventricle, causing it to fail.
- Blood backs up from left ventricle into left atrium and then into pulmonary veins and lungs with left-sided HF.
- Pulmonary pressure increases due to blood backup in the lungs from LHF.
- Interstitium and then alveoli fill with fluid because of pressure leading to alveolar edema.
- Gas exchange decreases, resulting in cyanosis and shortness of breath when alveolar edema is present
- Acute pulmonary edema requires immediate medical treatment and is potentially dangerous.
Causes of Left-Sided Heart Failure
- Aortic stenosis leads to increased volume to pump from restricted blood outflow.
- Cardiomyopathy leads to increased workload from impaired contractility.
- Coarctation of the aorta leads to restricted outflow and increased resistance from the aorta narrowing.
- Hypertension leads to resistance increased from elevated pressure.
- Heart muscle infection leads to increased workload from damaged myocardium.
- Myocardial infarction leads to increased workload from impaired contractility.
- Mitral regurgitation leads to increased volume to pump from backward blood flow.
Right-Sided Heart Failure
- Conditions causing right-sided HF: increasing contractile force needed or excess blood volume pumping (preload).
- The major cause of right-sided HF is left-sided HF.
- Pulmonary pressure increases as fluid backs up into the lungs with LHF.
- The right ventricle must pump blood against the increased pressure by fluid.
- Increased fluid and pressure strains the right ventricle, causing it to weaken and fail.
- Cor pulmonale develops with hypertrophy (increased muscle mass) or lung disorders.
- The right ventricle fails to empty normally, causing backward blood buildup in the systemic blood vessels.
- Right atrial and systemic venous blood volume increases, causing jugular vein distention.
- Jugular vein distention can be seen with the patient in a 45-degree upright position.
- Peripheral tissues may experience edema.
- GI upset from fluid congestion may lead to anorexia, abdominal pain, and nausea.
- Liver becomes congested (hepatomegaly), impairing liver function and causing right upper quadrant pain.
- Spleen also undergoes distension (splenomegaly) because of Systemic venous congestion.
- Remember that left-sided signs and symptoms are found in the lungs (Left=Lungs=L) understanding the laterality of heart failure
- Any signs and symptoms not related to lungs are caused by right-sided heart failure.
Compensatory mechanisms
- Help ensure adequate blood output, designed to maintain cardiac output but lead to further HF.
- SNS releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase heart rate when it detects low cardiac output.
- Faster heart rate increases oxygen needs to the heart and worsens HF due to heart's inability to reach adequate oxygen.
- Decreased blood flow to kidneys activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to save water given a low CO.
- The pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone to conserve water while decreasing urine output adding to the fluid retention problem.
- The heart enlarges its chambers (dilation) and increasing muscle mass (hypertrophy) known as remodeling from increased workload.
- Heart muscle fibers stretch for stronger contractions, but that stretch is also is known as the Frank-Starling phenomenon.
- Compensatory mechanisms improve symptoms temporarily, but increase heart oxygen needs while stiffening heart walls, reducing the heart's ability to pump.
Pulmonary Edema (Acute HF)
- Sudden, severe fluid congestion in lung alveoli, life-threatening.
- Pulmonary edema’s complications include cardiac arrest and arrhythmias.
- Pulmonary edema can occur with acute events or severe stress of the heart.
- Pulmonary venous pressure increases causing interstitial spaces to fill with fluid including red blood cells.
- The alveoli and airways fills with fluid, reducing oxygen levels and gas exchange.
- The classic symptom is pink, frothy sputum caused by leaking fluid and red blood cells into alveoli due to lung congestion.
- High heart rate and blood pressure are present due to Compensatory mechanisms.
- Blood pressure can fall as pulmonary edema worsens.
Acute Heart Failure Summary: Signs and Symptoms
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Clammy skin
- Cold Skin
- Coughing
- Crackles in the lungs and Wheezing
- Pale skin
- mucous membranes
- Pink, frothy sputum
- Rapid respirations with accessory muscle
- Severe dyspnea
- Orthopnea
Acute Heart Failure Summary: Diagnostic Tests
- Arterial blood gases (ABGs) to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
- Chest x-ray to visualize fluid congestion in the pulmonary system
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Hemodynamic monitoring
Acute Heart Failure Summary: Therapeutic Measures
- Oxygen via cannula, mask, or mechanical ventilation
- Positioning in Fowler or semi-Fowler position
- Bedrest
- Frequent vital signs and urinary output
- Intravenous medications (e.g., diuretics, inotropic agents, vasodilators)
- Treatment of underlying cause
- Daily weights
Acute Heart Failure Summary: Priority Nursing Diagnoses
- Impaired Gas Exchange
- Decreased Cardiac Output
- Fluid volume excess
Acute Heart Failure Summary: Therapeutic Measures
- Immediate treatment is needed to prevent acute respiratory distress .
- The goal of therapy is to reduce the workload of the left ventricle to reduce patient anxiety and improve CO.
- Semi-Fowler or Fowler position promotes lung expansion and reduces venous return.
- Give oxygen as ordered and as needed when higher concentrations are needed consider use of mask.
- Administer medications, may include intravenous medications to reduce fluid overload, strengthen heart contractions, reduce arterial pressure (afterload), and reduce sodium and water retention to relieve dyspnea.
- Nursing care requires psychosocial support in intensive care settings.
Chronic Heart Failure
- Progressive disorder, worsen over time.
- Fatigue and weakness: From reduced oxygen reaching tissues that worsen with activity
- Dyspnea: Shortness of breath, often left-sided HF which impairs gas exchange and triggers compensatory mechanisms.
- Exertional dyspnea: Increases with activity.
- Orthopnea: Increases when lying flat, relieved by using pillows or sitting upright.
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: Sudden shortness of breath after lying flat, relieved by sitting upright.
- Cough: Chronic, dry increases when lying down from pulmonary congestion.
- Crackles & wheezes: Indicate abnormal breath sounds due to to pulmonary congestion.
- Tachycardia: Increased heart rate due to low cardiac output triggering sympathetic nervous system.
Table 26.4: Comparison of Signs and Symptoms- Right- and Left-Sided Heart Failure.
- Right: Ascites, edema, fatigue weakness, GI issues, Hepatomegaly, increased JVD, nocturia, Splenomegaly, weight gain, tachycardia
- Left: Cheyne stokes, crackles, wheezing, cyanosis, dry cough, dyspnea, nocturia, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Diagnostic Tests
- ABG
- Cardiac catheterization
- Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Chest x-ray
- Coronary angiography
- Echocardiography
- ECG
- Hemodynamic monitoring
- Lab test: CBC, BMP, Electrolytes, BUN, Creatinine, LFT, TSH, Glucose/Lipid/ Ferritin
- Nuclear imaging studies
- Respiratory sleep study
- Stress testing
Complications
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Hepatomegaly
- Left ventricular thrombus/emboli
- Pleural effusion
- Splenomegaly
Therapeutic Measures
- Nonnivasive: Treatments for underlying conditions, Medication therapy, Oxygen (mask/cannula), Na/Fluid Restriction, Weights, Cardiac rehab,
- Invasive: Pacemaker, Resynchronization therapy, ICD's, Intra-aortic balloon pump, Left ventricular assist device, Transplant
Priority Nursing Diagnoses
- Impaired Gas Exchange
- Chest pain
- Decreased cardiac output
- Excess fluid overload.
Chest Pain in Chronic Heart Failure
- Can occur from ischemia
- Ischemic pain, low BP causes oxygen demand, preload increases workout increasing pain
Cheyne-Stokes and other symptoms in Chronic Heart Failure
- Alternating patterns of deep breathing, and brief apnea due to increased CO2
Edema in Chronic Heart Failure
- Systemic or pulmonary occurs, increased JVD ascites.
Anemia/Cyanosis/Nocturia in Chronic Heart Failure
- May be due to hemodilution and decreased EPO production, may be due to left sided heart failure. Increased frequency of nocturia due to body mechanics, cyanosis, especially left heart failure
Altered mental status
- Decreased oxygen to brain causes restlessness, confusion, impaired memory and lack of consciousness. Causes Malnutrition.
Therapeutic Measures- Goals of TX
- Increase strength of contraction, identifying cause decreasing workload, maintain balanced NA / Water
Care- HCP team
- HCP's, Dieticians, PT, Case managers, Pharmacist, clergy, nurses and OT
Cardiac- Oxygen
- Improves supply to tissues/symptoms and mental status improvement: Use 2-6l nasal cannula.
Sodium & Activity
- Diet low prevent water weight. Potassium substitutes, HCP will discuss use, healthy-weight. Maintain/Dietician needed for plans.
- Tolerate activity depends on severity, requires bedrest, exercise with rehab. Need safe exercises.
Patient Safety/ Medication
- Severe HF Malnutrition, Anorexia occurs, watch food, note masked weight, monitor food.
- No cure. Improves QOL, follows American college cardio
- ACE inhibits, vasodilate lowers BP/workload remodels, causes cough and switches
Key Aspects of ACE Inhibitors for Meds
- check BP/pulse under 60/BP under 100- notify HCP, take one hour before and first dose adjust/weekly reporting to Dr if cough develops
Key Aspects of ARBs, ARNIs
- May replace ACE's. Watch for rash, throat/mouth issues, or angioedema.
Key Aspects of Beta Blockers
- Treats over sympathetic nervous system for symptoms. Daily or biweekly notifying, watch Pulse notifying.
Key Aspects of Diuretics
- Overload potassium monitor intake/output. Admin AM. Thiazides monitor
K sparing/Potassium implications
- Spironolactone, do not give w/hyperkalemia. Give if digitalis is bad at digitalis toxicity. Under 60 hold notify (Lanoxin) monitor visual changes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
