43 Questions
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate?
Increasing cAMP in pacemaker cells
During exercise, which of the following is the easiest way to increase cardiac output?
Increasing stroke volume
Which of the following is true about the changes in cardiovascular function during exercise?
Systole increases while diastole stays the same
What is the primary effect of gravity on blood flow when going from sitting to standing?
Decreased venous return and cardiac stroke volume
Which of the following organs or tissues has decreased cardiac output during exercise?
Skin, kidneys, and abdominal organs
How does exercise training affect resting heart rate and stroke volume?
Resting heart rate decreases and stroke volume increases
What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Decreases the rate of SA node depolarization, decreasing heart rate
What is the primary effect of increased preload on stroke volume?
Increases stroke volume
Which of the following is a characteristic of right-sided heart failure?
Blood backs up into the body, causing pitting edema and ascites
What is the primary effect of increased afterload on stroke volume?
Decreases stroke volume
What is the primary effect of decreased contractility on ejection fraction?
Decreases ejection fraction
What is the primary effect of increased heart rate on cardiac output?
Increases cardiac output
Which of the following statements about preload is true?
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction.
What is the primary factor that determines afterload?
Total peripheral resistance
If stroke volume increases, what happens to cardiac output?
Cardiac output increases
What is the relationship between preload and stroke volume?
As preload increases, stroke volume increases up to a certain point.
What is the normal ejection fraction for a healthy heart?
60%
Which of the following factors directly affects cardiac output?
All of the above
If end systolic volume (ESV) decreases, what happens to stroke volume?
Stroke volume increases
Which of the following factors increases venous return (preload)?
All of the above
What is the relationship between contractility and end systolic volume (ESV)?
Increased contractility leads to decreased ESV.
If the ejection fraction remains constant at 60% during exercise, what happens to end diastolic volume (EDV)?
EDV increases
What is the primary effect of gravity on blood flow when transitioning from sitting to standing?
Decreased venous return
How does exercise influence stroke volume?
Increases end-diastolic volume
Which factor plays a crucial role in regulating stroke volume during exercise?
Increased contractility
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate by releasing Ach onto pacemaker cells
How does sympathetic stimulation affect cardiac output during exercise?
Increases cardiac output through enhanced contractility
Which statement best describes the impact of increased afterload on stroke volume?
Decreases stroke volume by lowering contractility
What is the primary effect of going from a sitting to a standing position on blood flow to the brain?
Decreased blood flow to the brain
How does exercise training affect resting heart rate and stroke volume?
Resting heart rate decreases and stroke volume increases
During exercise, which of the following is the easiest way to increase cardiac output?
Increasing stroke volume
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate
Which of the following organs or tissues experiences decreased cardiac output during exercise?
Skin, kidneys, abdominal organs
What is the primary effect of going from a sitting to a standing position on blood flow?
It decreases venous return and preload
During aerobic exercise, what is the primary mechanism for increasing cardiac output?
Increasing heart rate
What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the cardiovascular system?
Decreasing heart rate
Which of the following factors primarily determines afterload on the heart?
Total peripheral resistance
What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on stroke volume?
It increases stroke volume as preload (end-diastolic volume) increases
During aerobic exercise, what is the primary effect on stroke volume?
Stroke volume increases
What is the primary mechanism by which the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate during exercise?
Increasing the firing rate of the sinoatrial (SA) node
What is the primary function of the respiratory pump in relation to cardiovascular function?
It increases venous return during inhalation
What is the primary effect of the skeletal muscle pump on cardiovascular function during exercise?
It increases venous return and preload
What is the normal range for ejection fraction in a healthy heart?
60-70%
Test your knowledge on the cardiac conduction system components such as SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and the phases of the cardiac cycle. Understand the pathway of electrical signals in the heart and what happens during each phase of the cycle.
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