Cardiac Anatomy and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the average mass of an adult male heart?

310 g

The heart's heartbeat originates outside of the heart.

False

The heart is capable of depolarizing spontaneously and regularly.

True

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

<p>Fibrous pericardium, Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral), and Visceral layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the visceral layer of the pericardium?

<p>It contains surface fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myocardium?

<p>Layer of cardiac muscle bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that connects the right atrium to the right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?

<p>Bicuspid valve or mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventricles are considered the primary pumping chambers of the heart.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left myocardium is thicker than the right myocardium.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three internal features of the ventricles?

<p>Chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

<p>Connect respective atria and ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

<p>Connect ventricles with the 'great arteries'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both types of valves prevent the backflow of blood.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The AV valves are associated with 'muscle anchors'.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The closing of the semilunar valves is achieved by the cup-shaped cusps filling with blood following ventricular contraction.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the systemic (body) and coronary (heart) circuits?

<p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of blood flow from the right atrium to the pulmonary trunk?

<p>Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the path of oxygenated blood flow from the pulmonary veins to the aorta?

<p>Pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the majority of coronary veins drain into?

<p>Coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart requires a blood supply like any other organ in the body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left coronary Artery supplies the anterior heart muscle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right coronary Artery supplies the posterior heart muscle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of blood supply is provided to the right ventricle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anastomoses between coronary arteries are prevalent.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A blockage in a coronary artery can cause a myocardial infarction.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Anatomy

  • The heart is a four-chambered, muscular organ, roughly the size of a clenched fist.
  • Average adult heart mass: Male - 310g, Female - 225g
  • The heart is myogenic; its heartbeat originates within the heart.
  • The heart is autorhythmic; it depolarizes spontaneously and regularly.

Pericardium

  • The pericardium is a sac surrounding the heart, comprising three layers:
    • Fibrous pericardium: a strong, dense connective tissue layer.
    • Serous pericardium: a thin, double-layered membrane; the parietal and visceral layers.
    • Visceral pericardium: also known as the epicardium, the outer layer of the heart wall.
  • The serous pericardium folds over onto itself, forming the pericardial cavity.

Heart Wall

  • The heart wall has three distinct layers:
    • Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium): contains surface fat.
    • Myocardium: a layer of cardiac muscle bundles.
    • Endocardium: endothelium and connective tissue, lining the heart chambers.

Anterior View of the Heart

  • The aorta is visible in the anterior view.
  • Pulmonary veins; the right and left.
  • The atria and ventricles, along with the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC).

Posterior View of the Heart

  • The posterior view reveals the atria, ventricles, and their associated blood vessels.
  • The base of the heart is primarily the left atrium.

Right Atrium

  • Blood enters the right atrium from the superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus.
  • Blood flows through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle.

Left Atrium

  • Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
  • Blood flows through the left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve to the left ventricle.

Ventricles

  • Ventricles are the primary pumping chambers of the heart.
  • They receive blood from the atria and pump it to the major arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk).
  • The left ventricle's myocardium is thicker than the right because it pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force.

Features of Ventricles (Internal)

  • The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) connect the atria to the ventricles.
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles secure the AV valve flaps, preventing their inversion during ventricular contraction.
  • Trabeculae carneae are muscular ridges within the ventricles.

Heart Valves

  • Both AV and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood.
  • AV valves include the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves.
  • Semilunar valves include the aortic and pulmonary valves.
  • The valves are anchored or connected to cardiac muscle.

AV Valve Function

  • Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular contraction.

Semilunar Valve Function

  • Closing of the semilunar valves arises from the cup-shaped cusps filling with blood following ventricular contractions.

Blood Flow

  • Blood flows from the superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
  • From the right atrium it is pumped to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve
  • From the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary semilunar valve.
  • From the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries and lungs where blood is oxygenated is pumped back to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
  • From the left atrium through the bicuspid/mitral valve to the left ventricle
  • From the left ventricle to the aorta via the aortic semilunar valve.

Coronary Vessels

  • The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
  • The coronary veins drain blood from the heart muscle.
  • Most coronary veins drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.

Coronary Blood Flow

  • Coronary arteries (right and left) supply both ventricles.
  • Atria receive blood from smaller branches.
  • The left ventricle receives the greatest blood supply.
  • Few anastomoses (connections) between major coronary vessels. Blockages can deprive cardiac muscle of oxygen (ischemia).

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Cardiac Anatomy PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of cardiac anatomy, including the four-chambered structure of the heart and the layers of the heart wall. Understand the role of the pericardium and its various components. This quiz will test your knowledge of heart anatomy and its functions.

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