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Questions and Answers
What is the stable membrane potential of skeletal muscle?
What is the stable membrane potential of skeletal muscle?
- -60 mV
- -70 mV (correct)
- -90 mV
- -80 mV
What causes the extended plateau phase in the myocardium action potential?
What causes the extended plateau phase in the myocardium action potential?
- Na$^+$ entry
- ACh-operated channels
- K$^+$ efflux
- Ca$^{2+}$ entry (correct)
What is the duration of the action potential in skeletal muscle?
What is the duration of the action potential in skeletal muscle?
- 15–20 msec
- 1–2 msec (correct)
- 10–12 msec
- 5–6 msec
What is the main cause of hyperpolarization in skeletal muscle?
What is the main cause of hyperpolarization in skeletal muscle?
What is the membrane potential at which the lf channels open again in the autorhythmic myocardium cells?
What is the membrane potential at which the lf channels open again in the autorhythmic myocardium cells?
What is the main cause of the rapid rising phase of the action potential in myocardium?
What is the main cause of the rapid rising phase of the action potential in myocardium?
What is the typical refractory period in skeletal muscle?
What is the typical refractory period in skeletal muscle?
What causes the depolarization in skeletal muscle action potential?
What causes the depolarization in skeletal muscle action potential?
What is the function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of veins in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of veins in the cardiovascular system?
Where does the exchange of material with the interstitial fluid primarily occur?
Where does the exchange of material with the interstitial fluid primarily occur?
What separates the heart into two halves?
What separates the heart into two halves?
Which side of the heart receives blood from the tissues and sends it to the lungs for oxygenation?
Which side of the heart receives blood from the tissues and sends it to the lungs for oxygenation?
What is the primary component of plasma in the blood?
What is the primary component of plasma in the blood?
Which component of blood is essential for blood clotting?
Which component of blood is essential for blood clotting?
Which type of blood vessels carry blood from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the right side of the heart?
Which type of blood vessels carry blood from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the right side of the heart?
What is the formula for velocity in a tube?
What is the formula for velocity in a tube?
What determines the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What determines the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
What is the main component of the heart?
What is the main component of the heart?
How many chambers does the heart have?
How many chambers does the heart have?
Which structures emerge from the base of the heart?
Which structures emerge from the base of the heart?
What surrounds the heart valves?
What surrounds the heart valves?
Where are electrical signals directed for heart contraction?
Where are electrical signals directed for heart contraction?
What guards the opening between each atrium and its ventricle?
What guards the opening between each atrium and its ventricle?
What provides stability for the AV valves?
What provides stability for the AV valves?
What supplies blood to the heart?
What supplies blood to the heart?
What do heart valves ensure in the heart?
What do heart valves ensure in the heart?
Which factor does the velocity of blood flow depend on?
Which factor does the velocity of blood flow depend on?
What is the function of the pulmonary arteries in the systemic circulation?
What is the function of the pulmonary arteries in the systemic circulation?
Which vessel receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body?
Which vessel receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body?
What causes the color change from red to blue in the blood as it passes through the capillaries?
What causes the color change from red to blue in the blood as it passes through the capillaries?
Which vessel carries blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body?
Which vessel carries blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body?
What is the main function of the hepatic portal vein?
What is the main function of the hepatic portal vein?
What happens to blood pressure if blood vessels constrict?
What happens to blood pressure if blood vessels constrict?
According to Poiseuille’s Law, how does resistance change with an increase in the radius of the blood vessel?
According to Poiseuille’s Law, how does resistance change with an increase in the radius of the blood vessel?
What is the primary factor affecting blood flow through a tube?
What is the primary factor affecting blood flow through a tube?
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
What happens to blood pressure as it moves farther from the heart?
What happens to blood pressure as it moves farther from the heart?
What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the systemic circulation?
What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the systemic circulation?
What is the role of the hepatic artery in the circulatory system?
What is the role of the hepatic artery in the circulatory system?
What is the role of desmosomes and gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?
What is the role of desmosomes and gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?
What is a key feature of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
What is a key feature of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
What determines the force of contraction in the heart?
What determines the force of contraction in the heart?
What are the distinct characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?
What are the distinct characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?
What is the role of refractory periods and summation in the action potentials of cardiac cells?
What is the role of refractory periods and summation in the action potentials of cardiac cells?
What is a key aspect of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
What is a key aspect of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle?
What is the process involved in generating the pacemaker potential in myocardial autorhythmic cells?
What is the process involved in generating the pacemaker potential in myocardial autorhythmic cells?
What are the phases involved in the action potential of myocardial contractile cells?
What are the phases involved in the action potential of myocardial contractile cells?
What is the effect of sarcomere length on the force of contraction in the heart?
What is the effect of sarcomere length on the force of contraction in the heart?
What is the role of myocardial action potentials in myocardial contractile cells and autorhythmic cells?
What is the role of myocardial action potentials in myocardial contractile cells and autorhythmic cells?
What are the two primary coronary arteries responsible for?
What are the two primary coronary arteries responsible for?
What are the two main types of cells in cardiac muscle?
What are the two main types of cells in cardiac muscle?
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Study Notes
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology
- The two primary coronary arteries originate at the start of the aorta, supplying blood to different parts of the heart.
- Cardiac muscle cells include autorhythmic cells and contractile cells, each with distinct characteristics.
- Cardiac muscle cells have desmosomes and gap junctions, which allow rapid spread of depolarization and simultaneous contraction of heart muscle cells.
- The entry of calcium into cardiac cells is a feature of excitation-contraction coupling, leading to contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
- Cardiac muscle contraction can be graded, with the force generated being proportional to the number of active crossbridges.
- Sarcomere length affects the force of contraction in the heart.
- The action potential of a cardiac contractile cell involves different phases, including depolarization and repolarization.
- Refractory periods and summation play a role in the action potentials of cardiac cells.
- Myocardial action potentials vary between myocardial contractile cells and autorhythmic cells.
- Myocardial contractile cells have resting, depolarization, plateau, and rapid repolarization phases.
- Myocardial autorhythmic cells have an unstable membrane potential and undergo a series of changes involving ion channels to generate the pacemaker potential.
- The process of calcium-induced calcium release is a key aspect of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle.
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