Cárdenas and the Mexican Revolution

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Questions and Answers

What did Cárdenas's foreign minister do to help further cultural diplomacy?

  • He organized cultural exchanges of art, music, and sports across the Americas and the world. (correct)
  • He signed treaties with other American countries to promote cultural exchange.
  • He funded art programs in schools.
  • He implemented policies that promoted cultural exchange.

Why did Cárdenas change the structure of the PNR?

  • He wanted to establish a more centralized government.
  • He wanted to create a more inclusive party that represented all sectors of society. (correct)
  • He wanted to increase the power of the military.
  • He wanted to weaken the influence of the Catholic Church.

What was the main goal of the PRM?

  • To promote economic development.
  • To increase the power of the church.
  • To protect the interests of the wealthy elite.
  • To serve as the ultimate arbiter of social conflicts. (correct)

Which of the following groups opposed Cárdenas's policies?

<p>The industrialists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) form?

<p>To oppose anti-clericalism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the outcome of the ejido program during the Cárdenas years?

<p>The ejido program achieved its primary social objective, but faced economic challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the decline in cotton production in the Laguna region during the Cárdenas years?

<p>The insufficient loans provided by the Banco de Crédito Ejidal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the success of the land reform program in some areas during the Cárdenas years?

<p>The strong presence of campesino organizations and their active participation in resisting land takeovers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did life in rural Mexico change as a result of the land reform program?

<p>Rural life remained difficult, but some progress was made in closing the gap with urban areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the ejido program, as stated in the text?

<p>To create a more equitable distribution of land and resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific land use was characteristic of the Laguna cotton ejido?

<p>Large-scale commercial agriculture with some subsistence farming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the establishment of the Banco de Crédito Ejidal by the government?

<p>To finance the development of large-scale ejido ventures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the land redistribution program on Mexico's rural zones by the end of Cárdenas' term?

<p>A significant change, with a large portion of the population receiving land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant paradox associated with the Laguna ejido's long-term development?

<p>The ejido's success in water management ultimately contributed to water contamination and developer interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the government establish schools, social services, and a hospital in the Laguna ejido region?

<p>To improve living standards and quality of life for ejido members (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ejido

A communal land system in Mexico for agricultural use.

Banco de Crédito Ejidal

An agrarian bank that provided loans to ejidos.

Cárdenas' land reform program

Aimed at redistributing land to empower campesinos in Mexico.

Campesino leagues

Organizations formed to support rural farmers in Mexico.

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Hacienda complex

Traditional large estates that controlled land and labor in Mexico.

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Land Redistribution

The program in Mexico that distributed land to the campesinos.

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Cárdenas' Achievements

Distributed 49 million acres of land during his presidency.

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Laguna Cotton Ejido

A significant ejido, 8 million acres focused on cotton cultivation.

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Cultural Diplomacy

The use of cultural exchange to strengthen international relations.

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Nationalism in Mexico

A strong patriotic sentiment among Mexicans, often linked to economic independence.

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Partido Revolucionario Mexicano (PRM)

A political party created by Cárdenas to unify various social sectors in Mexico.

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Economic Nationalism

Policies aimed at promoting economic independence and self-sufficiency.

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Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN)

A political party founded in 1939 to counteract anti-clerical policies in Mexico.

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Study Notes

Cárdenas and the Revolution

  • Cárdenas' election in 1934 was a significant moment for Mexicans seeking progress in the revolution.
  • His career exemplifies the rapid rise through military ranks, culminating in Brigadier General.
  • Cárdenas was known as a methodical, principled civilian leader.
  • He possessed charismatic appeal and inspired passionate support, but also strong opposition.
  • Cárdenas' governorship in Michoacán (1928-1932) showcased his approach.
  • He engaged actively with the people to make policy, not relying purely on advisors.
  • Educational reforms were a priority, including new schools and prompt teacher salaries.
  • Labor and campesino (farming community) organization were also promoted.
  • Cárdenas initiated a modest land redistribution.
  • Calles supported Cárdenas for president in 1934.
  • Cárdenas immediately departed from tradition, refusing to move into the presidential mansion and cutting his salary.
  • Cárdenas's administration faced opposition from powerful business, religious, and landowning interests.
  • Local leaders (caciques) and converts from the Callismo movement also resisted.
  • The president sometimes had to compromise with local elites to implement radical changes.
  • Example of conflict: the rebellion of the caudillo Saturino Cedillo.

Domestic Reforms

  • Agrarian reform was a dominant focus.
  • Land redistribution had a more symbolic effect on rural areas initially.
  • Cárdenas distributed 49 million acres of land, surpassing predecessors.
  • Communal ejidos (collective farms) were common beneficiaries of redistribution.
  • Example: the large Laguna cotton ejido, focused on cotton, wheat, and maize cultivation.
  • Government-supported infrastructure: schools, social services, and a hospital were erected in the Laguna region.
  • This program faced challenges, including rapid population growth and funding issues.
  • Agrarian bank (Banco de Crédito Ejidal) offered loans.
  • Criticisms noted limited individual ownership and the failure to address sizable cattle haciendas.
  • The impact of the program varied regionally.

Domestic Reforms (Continued)

  • Education: The administration emphasized public education, but not always with complete success.
  • More Mexicans learned to read and write, but population growth outpaced the funds available.
  • Educational efforts included promoting nationalism in art and literature, such as the mural movement.
  • Social programs for women and children were also expanded in part to combat the power of the church.
  • The government supported women's organizations, particularly in rural areas.
  • Catholic resistance to some programs remained a key factor.

Nationalization of Oil

  • Cárdenas nationalized seventeen oil companies in 1938, creating PEMEX.
  • Dispute began with a workers' strike for higher wages and better working conditions at foreign-owned oil companies.
  • Arbitration board ordered wage increases, but companies disregarded the ruling.
  • The move faced significant opposition from the U.S.
  • Diplomatic resolution: a compromise was reached, and Mexico paid compensation to the companies.

Change in Orientation

  • Shorty after the oil expropriation, Calles's party (PNR) was reorganized into the Partido Revolucionario Mexicano (PRM).
  • This signified a shift towards a more corporatist state structure, bringing in military and other social sectors within the government.
  • Efforts were made to include diverse social groups under the Party's umbrella.

World War II

  • World War II had a profound influence on Mexico.
  • Initially, the Mexican government attempted to avoid direct involvement.
  • German actions escalated the situation, and Mexico broke diplomatic ties with the Axis powers.
  • Wartime alliances with the U.S. and cooperation in supply were key factors.
  • Mexico granted refuge to Spanish refugees.
  • Mexican workers, known as braceros, were recruited for agricultural labor in the United States.
  • The war indirectly impacted socioeconomic realities such as increased industrialization in Mexico.

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