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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a major category of hydrocarbons?
Which of the following is NOT a major category of hydrocarbons?
What type of bonds do alkenes contain?
What type of bonds do alkenes contain?
What is the chemical formula of Ethene?
What is the chemical formula of Ethene?
Which functional group contains a carboxylate group bonded to a carbon atom?
Which functional group contains a carboxylate group bonded to a carbon atom?
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What is the electron configuration for functional groups with 4n+2 electrons?
What is the electron configuration for functional groups with 4n+2 electrons?
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What is the central atom in functional groups?
What is the central atom in functional groups?
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Which functional group is present in aldehydes?
Which functional group is present in aldehydes?
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What type of isomerism occurs when two or more geometrically different arrangements of the same molecular formula exist?
What type of isomerism occurs when two or more geometrically different arrangements of the same molecular formula exist?
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What is the main characteristic of polymers?
What is the main characteristic of polymers?
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What enables the formation of long carbon chains and rings through catenation?
What enables the formation of long carbon chains and rings through catenation?
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Which type of polymers is made from synthetic polymers like polyethylene or polypropylene?
Which type of polymers is made from synthetic polymers like polyethylene or polypropylene?
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What type of isomerism occurs when a compound has more than one stereoisomer, e.g., D- and L-isomers?
What type of isomerism occurs when a compound has more than one stereoisomer, e.g., D- and L-isomers?
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What specific functional group is present in ketones?
What specific functional group is present in ketones?
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Which type of polymers is used in adhesives, coatings, and other applications, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane resin?
Which type of polymers is used in adhesives, coatings, and other applications, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane resin?
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What type of compound can exhibit different types of isomerism including geometric, optical, and stereoisomerism?
What type of compound can exhibit different types of isomerism including geometric, optical, and stereoisomerism?
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What is the main characteristic of aldehydes in terms of their functional group?
What is the main characteristic of aldehydes in terms of their functional group?
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Study Notes
Carbon and Its Compounds: Class 10
Carbon is an essential element in various aspects of life, including the composition of living organisms and the fuels we use. In this article, we will explore the properties and types of carbon compounds, focusing on their chemical properties and significance in organic chemistry.
Carbon and Hydrocarbons
Carbon is the seventeenth most abundant element on Earth and is found in both free and combined forms in various compounds. Hydrocarbons are the largest class of carbon compounds and are the backbone of organic chemistry. They consist of carbon and hydrogen, and the four major categories of hydrocarbons are:
- Alkanes: Satisfied by single bonds, an example is Ethane (C2H6).
- Alkenes: Unsaturated compounds with double bonds, an example is Ethene (C2H4).
- Alkynes: Unsaturated compounds with triple bonds.
- Aromatics: Contain six-membered carbon rings, an example is Benzene (C6H6).
Functional Groups
Functional groups are chemical moieties that provide specific properties to carbon compounds. They consist of a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups, resulting in a 4n+2 electron configuration. Some common functional groups include:
- Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl group (OH) bonded to a carbon atom.
- Carboxylic acids: Contain a carboxylate group (COOH) bonded to a carbon atom.
- Aldehydes: Contain an aldehyde group (CHO) bonded to a carbon atom.
- Ketones: Contain a ketone group (C=O) bonded to a carbon atom.
Isomerism
Isomerism is the presence of multiple forms of a particular compound, which differ in their arrangement of atoms or groups. Carbon compounds can exhibit different types of isomerism, such as:
- Geometric isomerism: Occurs when two or more geometrically different arrangements of the same molecular formula exist, e.g., cis- and trans- isomers.
- Optical isomerism: Occurs when two or more optical isomers exist, i.e., mirror images of each other.
- Stereoisomerism: Occurs when a compound has more than one stereoisomer, e.g., D- and L-isomers.
Polymers
Polymers are large molecules consisting of multiple repeating units bonded together. They can be synthesized from carbon compounds and have various applications in materials science and technology. Some common types of polymers include:
- Plastics: Made from synthetic polymers, such as polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP).
- Rubbers: Made from natural or synthetic polymers, such as rubber (NR) or butadiene rubber (BR).
- Resins: Used in adhesives, coatings, and other applications, such as epoxy resin or polyurethane resin.
Carbon's versatility is best appreciated through its ability to form multiple bonds, such as pπ-pπ bonds, and its tetravalency, allowing it to bond with four other atoms or groups. This property enables the formation of long carbon chains and rings (catenation) and contributes to the wide range of carbon compounds found in nature.
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Description
Test your knowledge of carbon and its compounds, including hydrocarbons, functional groups, isomerism, and polymers. Explore the chemical properties and significance of carbon compounds in organic chemistry.
