Carbohydrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a disaccharide formed by the bonding of glucose and fructose?

  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Starch
  • Maltose
  • Lactose

    • Which of the following statements about cellulose is NOT true?

  • Cellulose molecules form strong structures due to hydrogen bonding between parallel strands.
  • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
  • Cellulose is easily digested by humans due to the presence of the enzyme cellulase. (correct)
  • Cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of glucose monomers.

    • What is the primary function of starch in plants?

  • To regulate water movement in the plant.
  • To provide structural support to cell walls.
  • To act as a source of energy. (correct)
  • To serve as a building block for proteins.

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?

    <p>They are the primary source of energy for animals, but not for plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycogen in animals?

    <p>To act as a source of energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pentose sugar?

    <p>Ribose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of chemical reaction is used to break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides?

    <p>Hydrolysis reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

    <p>Saturated fats have straight chains, while unsaturated fats have kinks in their chains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of cell membranes?

    <p>Phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows soap to remove oil and dirt?

    <p>Soap is an amphipathic molecule that can interact with both water and oil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

    <p>To decrease membrane fluidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do trans fats affect human health?

    <p>They increase the risk of heart disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroids?

    <p>They are primarily composed of straight chains of hydrocarbons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the effect of cholesterol on membrane fluidity?

    <p>Cholesterol can integrate into the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of increased cholesterol content in red blood cell membranes?

    <p>Decreased flexibility and motility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms likely possess enzymes that can efficiently break down cellulose?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>They are often solid at room temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chitin's primary role in organisms?

    <p>Structural support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydroxyl groups are responsible for the hydrophilic nature of carbohydrates. Why is this property important for towels?

    <p>They help towels absorb moisture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipids in organisms?

    <p>To store energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cellulose

    A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants.

    Chitin

    A structural polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of insects and fungi cell walls.

    Saturated Fats

    Fats with maximum hydrogen bonds, typically solid at room temperature.

    Unsaturated Fats

    Fats that contain one or more double bonds, typically liquid at room temperature.

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    Lipids

    Hydrophobic molecules that store energy and include fats, oils, and waxes.

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    Carbohydrates

    The body's main fuel source, ranging from simple sugars to complex polysaccharides.

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    Monosaccharides

    The simplest carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar units like glucose and fructose.

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    Disaccharides

    Carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides bonded together, such as sucrose and maltose.

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    Polysaccharides

    Long chains of monosaccharides that serve as energy storage or structural components.

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    Starch

    A polysaccharide that plants use to store glucose; easily hydrolyzed by animals.

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    Glycogen

    A polysaccharide that animals use to store glucose, primarily found in the liver and muscles.

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    Trans Fats

    Fats produced by partially hydrogenating unsaturated fats, increasing shelf life but also heart disease risk.

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    Phospholipids

    Major components of cell membranes, consisting of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic phosphate head.

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    Amphipathic Molecules

    Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, allowing them to interact with water and oils.

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    Steroids

    Lipids characterized by a hydrocarbon chain and four fused rings; includes cholesterol and hormones.

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    Cholesterol

    A common steroid in animal cell membranes that affects membrane fluidity and acts as a precursor for hormones.

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    Membrane Fluidity

    Refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes, influenced by cholesterol content.

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    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are the body's primary fuel source
    • They range from small sugar molecules (monosaccharides) to large polysaccharides
    • Monosaccharides contain hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group
    • Many sugars end with the suffix "-ose"
    • Common monosaccharides include glucose and fructose
    • Most monosaccharides form rings in aqueous solutions
    • Polysaccharides are formed through dehydration reactions
    • Examples of disaccharides include maltose (glucose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose)
    • Sucrose is a common energy source for plants
    • Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units, including starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
    • Starch is stored in plants, glycogen in animals, and cellulose in plant cell walls.
    • Plants store glucose as starch, and animals store glucose as glycogen.
    • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth, with glucose monomers joined differently than starch and glycogen. Its parallel strands create hydrogen bonds for structural integrity.
    • Many animals can't digest cellulose
    • Cellulose's structure makes it insoluble fiber
    • Pandas's diet is primarily cellulose in bamboo shoots.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing) molecules composed largely of carbon and hydrogen.
    • Fats (triglycerides) consist of glycerol linked to three fatty acids via dehydration
    • Lipids typically end in "-ol"
    • Some fatty acids contain double bonds, forming unsaturated fatty acids. Plant oils typically have unsaturated fatty acids.
    • Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens and are typically found in animal fats. Their structure allows them to be packed tightly, making them solid at room temperature.
    • Unsaturated fatty acids have fewer hydrogens and are typically found in plant oils. They have kinks in their structure and are liquid at room temperature.
    • Partially hydrogenated oils are created by adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, and sometimes make trans fats, which can increase the risk of heart disease.
    • Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes, being amphipathic with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
    • Steroids are ring-containing lipids.
    • Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is a precursor to other steroids, including sex hormones.
    • Cholesterol affects cell membrane fluidity. Insertion of cholesterol into cell membranes decreases fluidity.
    • Red blood cells (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Increased cholesterol in RBC membranes can decrease motility, reducing oxygen transport.

    Additional Notes

    • Soaps are amphipathic, cleaning by binding to both water and oil/fat.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates, the body's primary fuel source. This quiz covers everything from monosaccharides to polysaccharides and their roles in plants and animals. Test your knowledge on sugar types, structures, and functions!

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