biomolecules

Types include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and various sugars.
Starch is primarily found in plants and serves as an energy reserve.
Glycogen, the animal counterpart of starch, functions similarly in energy storage.
Glucose is the key sugar, dissolving in blood plasma for transport to cells.
Common sugars include glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose; glucose is found in both plants and animals.
Glucose has a hexagonal shape and can be linked to form different structures:
- Starch: coiled, spiral chains for energy storage in plants.
- Cellulose: straight-lined chains forming cell walls.
- Glycogen: branched chains serving as energy reserve in animals.

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and dissolve easily in water, tasting sweet.
Polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides link together and are often insoluble and complex to break down.
Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Essential for muscle building and overall bodily structure.
Composed of nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins function in growth, repair, and regeneration, as well as creating antibodies and hormones.
Formed from chains of amino acids, with 20 known amino acids contributing to different proteins.
Protein detection: mix with copper sulfate and dilute potassium hydroxide—purple indicates protein presence.

Carbohydrates: Starch tested with iodine solution, changing from orange-brown to blue-black.
Reducing sugars tested with Benedict’s solution, transitioning from blue to orange-red.
Lipids tested using the ethanol emulsion test; a milky-white layer indicates presence.
Proteins tested with Biuret reagent, changing from blue to violet.
Vitamin C tested with DCPIP, losing its color.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the genetic material in cells.
Contains 23 chromosomes inherited from each parent, totaling 46.
Alleles can be dominant or recessive and determine traits.
DNA consists of nucleotides that form a double helix structure.
Nitrogenous bases include adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, following A-T and G-C pairing rules for proper base pairing.
Base pairing is crucial for protein synthesis, with the type of protein depending on the sequence of bases.

Types include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and various sugars.
Starch serves as the primary energy reserve in plants.
Glycogen functions as the energy storage for animals.
Glucose is transported in blood plasma, providing energy to cells.
Sugars encompass glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose; glucose is present in both plants and animals.
Glucose has a hexagonal structure.
Starch is formed by long, coiled chains of glucose; it is utilized as an energy reserve in plants.
Cellulose consists of straight-lined chains of glucose, forming the structure of plant cell walls.
Glycogen is a branched glucose chain, acting as an energy reserve in animals.

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, dissolve easily in water, and taste sweet.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from linked monosaccharides, are generally insoluble, and require conversion to glucose before breakdown.
Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Essential for muscle building and regeneration.
Consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Hemoglobin is a crucial protein that transports oxygen in the blood.
Keratin is a structural protein found in hair and nails.
Proteins also include antibodies and hormones, involved in various body functions.
Composed of 20 known amino acids; different combinations yield diverse proteins.
A protein test involves using copper sulfate and potassium hydroxide, resulting in a color change to purple if protein is present.

Carbohydrates:
- Starch tested with iodine solution: color changes from orange-brown to blue-black.
- Reducing sugars using Benedict’s solution: turns from blue to orange-red.
Lipids:
- Ethanol emulsion test involves shaking food with ethanol, leading to a milky-white layer upon mixing with distilled water if lipids are present.
Proteins:
- Biuret reagent turns from blue to violet in the presence of protein.
Vitamin C:
- DCPIP test reflects a color loss.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material within cells.
Humans carry 23 chromosomes from each parent, totaling 46 chromosomes.
Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of genetic material.
Its structure forms a double helix.
Nitrogenous bases include adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, adhering to specific pairing rules (A-T and G-C only).
Base pairing is essential for protein synthesis; the type of protein is determined by the sequence of these bases.
The DNA structure resembles a ribbon, highlighting its twisted formation.